ILC 1557 
.M3 

1899 , Handbook 

a Copy l 

I or 



British, Continental and Canadian 
Universities 

WITH SPECIAL MENTION OF THE 

Courses Open to Women 



THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 

ee FIFTH AVENUE 

NEW YORK 



8EC0N -,op r, 

IbbJ. 




LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



Chap. Copyright No. 

SheicLdj 55 7 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



M 



OF 

It'itiisb, ^fl«ti«ettt»l mi Canadian 
Wwxmxsiiits 



WITH SPECIAL MENTION OF THE 

©amsjes ®pm to W&Lomm 

COMPILED FOR THE 

Graduate Club ok Bryn JVIawr College 

J 

ISABEL MADD1SON, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D. (BrynMawr). 
n 

SECOND EDITION 



NEW YORK 

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 

1899 

All rights reserved. 















33199 

Copyright 1899 

BY 

The Macmillan Company 
TWO COPIES RECEIVED. 




The New Era Print, 
Lancaster, Pa. 



PREFACE. 

The many graduates of Bryn Mawr College who have 
continued their studies abroad, have strongly felt the need 
of a handbook defining the position of the different foreign 
universities in regard to the admission of women to their 
courses, and giving particulars of the lectures, degrees, 
entrance requirements, etc., of foreign universities and col- 
leges. Accordingly, in 1896, the Graduate Club of Bryn 
Mawr College published a Handbook of Courses Open to 
Women in British, Continental and Canadian Universities 
containing all the information on the subject which it was 
possible, in a necessarily limited space of time, to collect. 
The funds necessary for the purpose were secured through 
the interest and assistance of the President of Bryn Mawr 
College. 

In 1899 it was decided to publish a new edition of the 
Handbook, and as it was found that practically all European 
universities and colleges were open to women and that the 
majority of the facts collected were as valuable to men stu- 
dents as to women students, the title was slightly modified. 
The information given in the Handbook has been obtained 
from the authorities of the different universities and collected 
from the calendars and other official publications. The facts 
gathered from these different sources have been put together 
in a condensed form, and it is hoped that the alphabetical 
arrangement adopted will be found convenient for reference. 

The attention of women students is called to the work of 
the Council to Accredit Women for Advanced Work in 
Foreign Universities, a committee of the Association of Col- 
legiate Alumnae. 



iv PREFACE. 

The Editor wishes to express her gratitude to all those 
whose kindness in supplying information made the compila- 
tion of the book possible, and to acknowledge her indebted- 
ness to the " Minerva Jahrbuch der Gelehrten Welt."* It is 
intended to issue a new edition of the Handbook yearly, and 
the Editor will be grateful for corrections of the errors almost 
unavoidable in a book of this kind and for suggestions which 
may tend to make the next issue more serviceable. 

The Graduate Club of Bryn Mawr College is glad to 
allow members of other colleges to make use of its collection 
of official programs and calendars ; particular books will be 
lent for a few days to applicants prepaying postage. 

All communications in regard to the Handbook, and all 
requests for programs and calendars, should be addressed to 
Miss Isabel Maddison, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, 
Pennsylvania. 

* Published by Karl J. Triibner, Strassburg. 



AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 

AUSTRIA. 

(See also Hungary.) 

The universities of Austria, like those of Germany, are 
state institutions. They are supported by the Government 
and are directly subject to the Austrian Minister of Education. 

With the exception of the university at Czernowitz, which 
has no Faculty of Medicine, the eight universities of Austria 
comprise the Faculties of Philosophy (Arts and Science), 
Law, Medicine and Theology. Courses of lectures, seminary 
and laboratory work in different subjects are provided by the 
several faculties, and the degree of Doctor is given to matricu- 
lated students who have fulfilled certain stated requirements. 

The entrance requirements for men are similar to those of 
German universities ; the candidate for admission must hold 
the Maturitatszeugniss of a gymnasium or a certificate that 
he has already attended a university. 

In 1878 the admission of women to the Austrian univer- 
sities was regulated by a decree of the Minister of Education ; 
while declaring that there could be no question of a general 
admission of women to academic courses, he yet made pro- 
vision for particular cases. Certain courses might, as an ex- 
ception and with the express sanction of the Minister, be 
given especially for women, and advanced women students 
might in addition be allowed to attend the courses held for 
men, provided that they could in every case obtain the con- 
sent of the faculty in question, in conjunction with that of 
the academic senate and the individual professors, with whom 
work was desired. In no case were women to be allowed to 
register as students in the universities, but were to be consid- 
ered as hearers. 



2 AUSTRIA. 

In March, 1897, these regulations were revised, and the 
following new regulations are now in force : any woman 
who is a native of Austria and over eighteen years of age is 
admitted as a regular hearer to the philosophical faculty of 
an Austrian university, provided she has passed the Reife- 
■prufung of an Austrian State gymnasium or of a foreign 
gymnasium considered equivalent to this by the Minister of 
Education. The Dean of the Philosophical Faculty decides 
on the admission of candidates, but in case of refusal further 
application may be made to the Minister. 

Women hearers are under the same regulations as men in 
regard to registration, matriculation, payment of fees, dis- 
cipline, attendance at lectures, the Abgangszeugnis and 
admittance to the philosophical Rigorosen (examinations). 

Women who have attended certain schools other than those 
mentioned above, approved by the Minister of Education, are 
admitted as ausserordentliche Horerinnen to the philosophical 
faculties but must, except in special cases, register for more 
than ten hours of lectures weekly. Permission to attend sepa- 
rate lectures is given to women in exceptional cases only, 
under the regulation of 1878. 

A noteworthy decree putting Austrian women who have 
studied medicine at any foreign university on the same foot- 
ing as men in regard to obtaining Austrian degrees in medi- 
cine was published on May 19th, 1896. Women who have 
passed the Reifejyr iifung of an Austrian gymnasium, are 
over 24 years of age and have studied for at least ten 
semesters at a foreign university considered suitable by 
the Minister of Education, may proceed to take all the final 
examinations in medicine, omitting those in Natural Science, 
and to obtain diplomas on exactly the same conditions as 
men. 

The university libraries are open to women. 



AUSTRIA. 3 

The academic year is divided into two semesters, the first, 
or winter semester, which begins on October ist, and ends 
on the Thursday before Palm Sunday, and the second, or 
summer semester, which begins on the first Thursday after 
Easter and ends about July 30th. 

The system of university fees is in general the same in 
Austria as in Germany. (See under Germany.) 

CRACOW, Galicia, Austria. 
JAGELLONISCHE UNIVERSITAT. 

UNIWERSYTET JAGIELLONSKI W KRAKOWIE. 

This university, founded in 1364, is under the same regulations 
as all the universities of Austria ; see above. In the winter semes- 
ter of 1898-99, 107 women were attending courses in the university. 

Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Leon Cyfrowicz. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

ARTS. SCIENCE. 

Languages.— Indo-Iranian: Docents Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 

v. Mankowski, Rozwadowski. fessors Kepinski, Karlinski, Rudzki, 

Classical: Professors Miodonski, Mo- Zorawski. 

rawski Sternbach. Physics : Professors Natanson, Witkow- 

English': Reader Dziewicki. ski ; Docent Birkenmajer. 

Germanic (Polish, Slavonic): Profes- Chemistry: Professors Bandrowski, 

sors Creizenach, Malinowski, Graf Godlewski, Olszewski, Schramm ; Do- 

Tarnowski, Tretiak; Docents Stud- cent jentys. 

zinski, Windakiewiez, v. Zdziechow- Mineralogy : Professor Kreutz. 

ski. ' Geology : Professor Szajnocha. 

Romance : Professor Kawczynski ; Biology : Professors Hoyer, Wierzejski; 

Reader Rongier. Docent Garbowski. 

Comparative Philology : Professor de Botany : Professors Janczewski, Rosta- 

Courtenay. finski. 

Philosophy : Professors Pawlicki, Stras- Geography : Professor Szwarcenberg- 

zewski ; Docent Ziembicki. Czerny. 

History : Professors Lewicki, Graf My- Agriculture : Professor v. Lubomeski ; 

cielski, Smolka, Zakrzewski ; Docents Docents Ajdukiewicz, Jentys, Klecki. 

Czermak, Krzyzanowski. Engineering : Docent Ajdukiewicz. 
Art and Archeology : Professors 

Bienkowski, Sokolowski ; Docent law and political science. 

Graf Mycielski. Professors Brzezinski, Cyfrowicz, Czer- 

Pedagogy : Professor Straszewski ; Do- kawski, Fierich, Gorski, Kasparek, 

cent Kulczynski. Kleczynski, Krzymuski v. Radwan, Leo, 



CZERNOWITZ, GRATZ. 



Madeyski, Milewski, Piekosinski, Rosen- 
blatt, Ulanowski, Zoll ; Docents Es- 
treicher, W. L. Jaworski, Makarewicz, 
Rostworowski, Wroblewski. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors Browicz, Bujwid, Cybulski, 
Domanski, Jakubowski, W Jaworski, 
Jordan, Klecki, Korczynski, v. Kocta- 
necki, Lazarski, Obalinski, Parenski, 
Pieniazek, Poniklo, Reiss, Stopczanski, 



Trzebicky, Wachholz, Wicherkiewicz, 
Zarewicz ; Docents Baurowicz, Bossow- 
ski, Braun, Leprowski, Korczynski, 
Krynski, Raczynski, Rosner, Sroczyn- 
ski, Zulawski. 



THEOLOGY. 



Professors Chotkowski, Gabryl, Grom- 
nicki, Knapinski, Morawski, Pelczar, 
Spis, Trznadel, Wadolny 



CZERNOWITZ, Buckowina, Austria. 

K. K. FRANZ-JOSEFS-UNIVERSITAT. 

This university, founded in 1S75, is under the same i-egulations 
as all the universities of Austria ; see pp. 1-3. 

Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Dr. Anton Nuss- 

BAUM. 

Professors and Lecturers. 



ARTS. 

Languages. — Classical : Professors 
Hilberg, Wrobel. 
English ; Reader Romanovsky. 
Germanic (Slavonic, etc.) : Professors 
Kaluzniacki, Sbiera, Smalstocki, v. 
Summersberg ; Docent Wolkan. 
Romance : Professor Gartner. 
Philosophy: Professorate. 
History : Professors Herzberg-Frankel, 
Zieglauer v. Blumenthal ; Docents 
Kaindl, Milkowicz 

SCIENCE. 

Mathematics : Professor Puchta. 
Physics : Professors Handl, Tumlirz. 



Chemistry : Professor Pribram. 
Mineralogy : Professor Scharizer. 
Zoology : Professor Zelinka. 
Botany : Professor Tangl. 
Geography : Professor Lowl. 

LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. 

Professors Ehrlich, v. Halban, Hauke, 
Hiller, Kleinwachter, v. Hormann zu 
Horbach, Ritter v. Roschmann-Horburg, 
Skedl ; Docents Kryspin, v. Wolan. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors C. Popowicz, E. Popowicz, 
v. Repta, Tarnawski, Wojucki ; Docents 
Gaina, Stefanelli. 



GRATZ, Styria, Austria. 

K. K. KARL-FRANZENS-UNIVERSITAT. 

This university, founded in 15S6, is under the same regulations 
as all the universities of Austria; see pp. 1-3. 

Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Josef Hotter. 

Professors and Lecturers. 



Languages. — Oriental : Professor 
Kirste 



Classical : Professors Goldbacher, 
Ritter v. Karajan, Meyer, Picher,. 
Schenkl. 



AUSTRIA. 



English : Professor Luick. 

Germanic : Professors Schonbach, 
Seuffert ; Docent Zwierzina. 

Slavonic: Professors Krek, Strekelj. 

Romance: Professors Ive, Schuchardt. 
Comparative Philology : Professor 

Meyer. 
Philosophy: Professors Ritter v. Mein- 

ong, Spitzer, Strzygowski ; Docent 

Martinak. 
History : Professors Bauer, Krones 

Ritter v. Marchland, Loserth, v. Zwie- 

dineck-Stidenhorst ; Docents Mayer, 

Mell. 
Art and Archeology : Professors 

Cuntz, Gurlitt, v. Meinong, Pichler, 

Strzygowski. 

SCIENCE. 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
fessors Dantscher Ritter v. Kolles- 
berg, Frischauf, v. Hepperger ; Do- 
cent Streissler. 

Physics : Professors Hann, Pfaundler, 
Streintz, Subic, Wassmuth ; Docent 
Henrich. 

Chemistry: Professors Schrotter,Skraup. 

Mineralogy : Professor Doelter. 

Geology : Professors Hilber, Hoernes ; 
Docent Penecke. 

Biology : Professors Bohmig, v. 
Graff; Docent Ritter v. Heider. 



Botany : Professor Haberlandt ; Do- 
cent Palla. 
Geography : Professor Richter. 

LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. 

Professors Freiherr v. Anders, Freiherr 
v. Canstein, Gumplowicz, Hanausek, 
Hildebrand, Lubec, Luschin Ritter v. 
Ebengreutb, Mischler, Freiherr v. 
Schwind, Steinlechner, Tewes, Thaner, 
Vargha ; Docents v. Glanvell, Sperl. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors Anton, Birnbacher, Bleich- 
steiner, Borner, Borysiekiewicz, Drasch, 
Ebner, Eppinger, Escherich, Habermann, 
Hoffer Edler v. Sulmthal, Hofmann, 
Holl, Jarisch, Klemensiewicz, Kratter, 
Kraus, Moller, Miiller, Nicoladoni,Praus- 
nitz, Freiherr v. Rokitansky, Rollett, 
v. Rosthorn, Schindler ; Docents Emele, 
Hammerl, Kossler, Laker, Rossa, Sachs- 
salber, Steinbiichel v.Rheinwall, Tobeitz, 
Zoth. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors Gutjahr, Klinger, Michel - 
itsch, Ritter v. Scherer, Schlager, Sta- 
nonik, A. Weiss, J. Weiss. 



Docent 



INNSBRUCK, Tyrol, Austria. 
K. K. LEOPOLD-FRANZENS-UNIVERSITAT. 

This university, founded in 1673-4, is under the same regula- 
tions as all the universities of Austria ; see pp. 1-3. 

Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Willibald 

Stricker. 

Professors and Lecturers. 



ARTS. 

Languages. — Oriental : Professor 

Flunk. 
INDO-IRANIAN: Professor v. Schroder; 

Docent Walde. 
Classical: Professors Miiller, Zin- 

gerle ; Docent Radinger. 
English : Professor Fisher. 
Germanic : Professors Seemuller, 

Wackernell ; Docent Schatz. 



Romance : Professor Demattio ; Do- 
cents Farinelli, W. v. Zingerle ; 
Reader Genelin. 
Comparative Philology : Professor F. 

Stolz. 
Philosophy : Professors Hillebrand, 

Ueberhorst. 
History : Professors Friedrich, Him, 

Kaltenbrunner, v. Ottenthal, Pastor, v. 

Scala ; Docent Mayr. 



LEMBERG. 



Art and Archaeology : Professors 
Reisch, Semper. 

SCIENCE. 

Mathematics and Astronomy ; Pro- 
fessors O. Stolz, Wirtinger ; Docent 
Schober. 

Physics : Professors Czermak, Exner, 
Klemencic ; Docents Hammerl, Rada- 
kovic, Tollinger. 

Chemistry : Professor Senhofer ; Do- 
cent Hopfgartner. 

Mineralogy : Professor Cathrein. 

Geology : Professor Blaas. 

Biology : Professors Heider, v. Dalla- 
Torre-Thurnberg-Sternhof. 

Botany : Professor Heinricher. 

Geography : Professor Ritter v. Wieser. 

LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. 

Professors Carnevale, Dantscher Ritter 
v. Kollesberg, Demelius, Galante, 



Hruza, John, Lentner, Myrbach v. Rhein- 
feld, Pacchioni, Puntschart, Ritter v. 
Sartori-Montecroce, Schiffner, Vinzenz, 
Wahrmund, Waldner; Docents v. Eccher, 
Payr, Zanetti. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors Dimmer, Ehrendorfer, 
Hochstetter, Ipsen, Juffinger, Kerschner, 
Klotz, Lode, Loebisch, Loewit, Loos, 
Lukasiewicz, Mayer, Nevinny, Pommer, 
Rille, Freiherr v. Rokitansky, v. Tschurt- 
schenthaler Edler v. Helmheim, Victor 
Ritter v. Hacker, v. Vintschgau, Wild- 
ner; Docents Lantschner, Malfatti, Pos- 
selt. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors Flunk, Gatterer, Hofmann, 
Hurter, Michael, Nisius, Noldin, Rinz, 
Straub ; Docents Lercher, Muller. 



LEMBERG, Galicia, Austria. 

K. K. FRANZENS-UNIVERSITAT. 

C. K. UNIWERSYTET IMIENIA CESARZA FRANCISZKA I. 

This university, founded in 17S4, is under the same regulations 

as all the universities of Austria ; see pp. 1-3. 

Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Marceli Chlam- 

tacz. 

Professors and Lecturers. 



Languages. — Semitic : Professor Sar- 
nicki. 
Classical : Professors Cwiklinski, 

Kruczkiewicz ; Docent Jezieniecki. 
English : Itistructor Kropiwnicki. 
Germanic : Professors Colessa, Ka- 

lina, Pilat, Werner. 
Romance : Docent Porebowicz ; In- 
structor Amborski. 
Philosophy : Professors Graf Dziedus- 

zycki, Raciborski, Skorski. 
History : Professors Dembinski, Finkel, 
Gruszewski, Szaraniewicz, Wojcie- 
chowski ; Docent Hirschberg. 
Art and Archaeology: Professor Boloz- 

Antoniewicz. 
Pedagogy : Docent Danysz. 



Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
fessors Laska, Puzyna. 

Physics : Professors Fabian, Zakrzewski. 

Chemistry : Professors Lachowicz, Rad- 
ziszewski. 

Mineralogy : Professor Dunikowski ; 
Docent Niedzwiedzki. 

Geology : Professors Niedzwiedzki, Sie- 
miradzki, Zuber ; Docent Teisseyre. 

Biology : Professor Dybowski ; Docents 
Nussbaum, Piotrowski, Wielowiejski. 

Botany : Professor Ciesielski ; Docents 
Szyszylowicz, Zalewski. 

Geography : Professor Rehmann. 

HYGIENE: Docent Szpilman. 

LAIV AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. 

Professors Abraham, Balasits, Balzer, 



AUSTRIA. 



Bobrzynski, Glabinski, Gryziecki, Jano- 
wicz, v. Ochenkov/ski, Pietak, T. Pilat, 
Roszkowski, Starzynski, Stebelski, 
Szachowski, Till ; Docents Chlamtacz, 
Dobrzanski, Dolinski, L. Pilat, "Winiarz. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors Beck, Gluziuski, Kadyi, 
Lukasiewicz, Niemilowicz, Obrzut, Prus, 



Rydygier, v. Sobieranski, Szymonowicz ; 
Docents Baracz, Gatryszewski, Piotro- 
wski, Schramm, Wehr, Widmann, Ziem- 
bicki. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors Bartoszewski, Bilczewski, 
Fijalek, Filarski, Jaszowski, Kloss, Ko- 
marnicki, Sarnicki ; Docent Narajewski ; 
Instructor Redkiewicz. 



PRAGUE, Bohemia, Austria. 
K. K. DEUTSCHE KARL-FERDINAND-UNIVERSITAT. 

This university, founded in 1348, is under the same regulations 
as all the universities of Austria; see pp. 1—3. 

Enquiries may be addressed to the rector, Dr. Anton Kurz. 
Professors and Lecturers. 

ARTS. 

Languages. — Semitic : Professor Grii- 
nert. 
Classical : Professors Holzinger Rit- 
ter v. Weidich, Keller, Rzach, Schu- 
bert. 
English : Professor Pogatscher ; 

Reader Just. 
Germanic: Professors Hauffen, Kelle, 

Lambel, Sauer. 
Romance : Professors Cornu, Rolin ; 
Reader Vielmetti. 
Comparative Philology : Professor 

Ludwig. 
Philosophy : Professors Freiherr v. 
Ehrenfels, Marty, Willmann ; Docent 
Arleth. 
History : Professors Bachmann, Four- 
nier, Jung, Swoboda, Weber, We- 
runsky. 
Art and Archaeology : Professors 

Klein, Neuwirth, Schultz. 
Pedagogy : Professor Willmann ; Do- 
cent Toischer. 

SCIENCE. 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
fessors Bobek, Pick, Weinek. 

Physics : Professors Jaumann, Lecher, 
Lippich, Spitaler ; Docent v. Geitler 
Ritterv. Armingen. 

Chemistry : Professors Brunner, Garza- 
rolli Edler v. Thurnlackh, Gintl, 
Goldschmiedt ; Docent Mayer. 



Geology : Profssors Laube, Pelikan. 
Biology : Professors Hatschek, Lendl- 

mayr, Ritter v. Lendenfeld ; Docent 

Cork 
Botany : Professors Molisch, Schiffner ; 

Docent Nestler. 
Geography : Professor Lenz. 

LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. 

Professors Finger, Frankl, Franz, 
Krasnopolski, Pfersche, Pfaff, Rauch- 
berg, Schreuer, Schuster, Singer, Ul- 
brich, Ullman, Freiherr v. Wieser, 
Zuckerkandl ; Docent Spiegel. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors Bayer, Chiari, Czermak, 
Dittrich, Epstein, Gad, Ganghofner, 
Hueppe, Huppert, Jaksch, Ritter v. 
Wartenhorst, Mayer, Petrina, A. Pick, 
P. J. Pick. Pohl, Pribram, Rabl, Rex, 
Schenkl, Singer, Steinach, Weil, Wolfler, 
Zaufal ; Docents Boennecken, v. Frey, A. 
Fischel, R. Fischel, W Fischel, Hering, 
Herrnheiser, Knapp, Munzer, G. Pick, 
Pietrzikowski, Ramnitz, Spietschka, 
Waelsch, Wiener, Winternitz. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors Elbl, Hauer, Kurz, Rieber, 
Schindler, Schneedorfer, Zaus. 

MUSIC. 

Professor Adler ; Reader Schneider. 



PRAGUE, VIENNA. 



PRAGUE, Bohemia, Austria. 
K. K. BOHMISCHE KARL-FERDINAND-UNIVERSITAT. 
C. K. CESKA UNIVERSITA KARLO-FERDINANDOVA. 

This university, founded in 1882-3, ^ s un der the same regula- 
tions as all the universities of Austria; see pp. 1-3. 

Enquiries may be addressed to the rector, Professor Reinsberg. 



Professors and Lecturers. 



ARTS. 

Oriental 



Professor 



Languages. 
Dvorak. 
Classical : Professors Kvicala, Krai, 

Novak ; Docent Vysoky. 
English : Reader Sladek. 
Germanic: Professors Gebauer, Kraus, 
Mourek, Pastrnck, Polivka ; Docent 
Machal ; Readers Brabek, Kolar, 
J. Krejci. 
Romance : Pi ofessor Jarnik ; Readers 
Malecek, Mohl. 
Comparative Philology : Professor 

Zubaty ; Docent Kovar 
History of Literature : Professor 

Frida ; Docent Vlcek. 
Philosophy : Professor Durdik, Mas- 
aryk ; Docents Cada, Drtina, F. Krejci. 
Political Economy: Professor Braf; 

Hon- Docent Bloman. 
History : Professors Emler, Goll, Kal- 
ousek ; Docents Novotny, Pekar, Pic, 
Zibrt. 
^Esthetics : Professor Hostinsky. 
ARCHAEOLOGY: Docents Chytil, Matejka. 
Pedagogy : Docent P. Durdik. 

SCIENCE. 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
fessors Gruss, Studnicka, Weyr ; Do- 
cent Sucharda. 

Physics : Professors Kolacek, Strouhal ; 
Docent Novak. 

Chemistry : Professors Belohoubek, 
Brauner, Rayman. 



Mineralogy : Professor Vrba. 
Geology : Professors Pocta, Velenovsky, 

Woldrich ; Docent Barvir. 
Geography : Professor Palacky. 
Meteorology : Professor Augustin. 
Biology : Professors Celakovsky, Fric, 

Hansgirg, Vejdovsky, Velenovsky ; 

Docent Mrazek. 
Anthropology: Professor Niederle ; 

Docent Matiegka. 

LAJV AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. 

Professors Belohradsky, Braf, Celak- 
ovsky, Hanel, Henner, Herrmann, Hey- 
rovsky, Kaizl, Ott, Prazak, Randa, 
Rieger, Storch, Stupecky, Talir, Zucker ; 
Docents Bloman, Horacek, Tilsch, Tra- 
kal, Vancura. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors Chodounsky, Deyl, Eiselt, 
Hlava, Horbaczewski, Janosik, Janovsky, 
v. Jirus, Kabrhel, Kasparek, Kaufmann, 
Kuffner, Maixner, Maydl, Mares, Michl, 
Neureutter, Nessel, Pawlik, Reinsberg, 
Rohon, Rubeska, Schobl, Schwing, 
Spina, Thomayer ; Docents Formanek, 
Frankenberger, Haskovec, Hnatek, Honl, 
Kimla, Kukula, Mitvalsky, Pecirka, 
Pesina, Scherer, Schrutz, Slavik, Svehla, 
Velich, Vesely. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors Kaderavek, Krystufek, 
Pachta, Pechacek, Sedlacek, Sykora, 
Tumpach, Vrestal ; Docent Tippmann. 



VIENNA, Austria. 

K. K. UNIVERSITAT. 

This university, founded in 1365, is under the same regulations 
as all the universities of Austria; see pp. 1-3. 



The Medical Fac- 



AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 9 

ulty is large and important, and for this reason the subjects lectured 
on by the different professors are stated below. 

A Verein of women students has just been instituted, and a sum 
of money has been bequeathed for the purpose of founding scholar- 
ships for women students. 

Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary. 



Professors and Lecturers. 



ARTS. 

Languages. — Chinese: Docent Kiih- 
nert. 

Semitic : Professors Bickell, Hein- 
rich, Miiller ; Docents Bittner, Hoff- 
ner, Wahrmund. 

Egyptian : Professor Reinisch. 

Classical : Professors Gitlbauer, 
Gomperz, Hauler, Marx, Schenkl, 
Bitter v. Schneider; Doc en ts Jurenka, 
Kalinka, Mekler. 

English : Professor Schipper ; Docent 
Kellner. 

Germanic ( Slavonic, etc. ) : Professors 
Heinzel, Jagic, Jirecek, Minor; Do- 
cents JeUinek, Kraus, Much, Murko, 



Resetar, Vondrak, v. 

Professors Meyer-Liibke, 
Docent} Alton, Fried- 



Nagl, 
Weilen. 
Romance : 
Mussafia 
wagner. 

Comparative Philology : Professor 
Meringer ; Docent Sklenar. 

Philosophy : Professors Jodl, Mach, 
Miillner ; Docents Hofler, Jerusalem, 
Kreibig, Reich, Stohr. 

History : Professors Bormann, Biidin- 
ger, Dopsch, Miihlbacher, Pribram, 
Redlich, Szanto ; Docents Fellner, 
Hartmann, Kretschmayr, Steinherz, 
Uhlirz, Wilhelm, Ritter v. Zitkovszky. 

Oriental History : Professors Kara- 
bacek, Krall. 

Art and /Esthetics : Professors Frei- 
herr v. Berger, Riegl, Wickhoff; Do- 
cents Dietz, Dollmayr, Ritter v. 
Schlosser, Wallaschek. 

Archeology : Professors Kubitschek, 
Reisch, v. Schneider ; Docents Heber- 
dey, Homes, Reichel. 

Pedagogy : Professor Vogt ; Docent 
Hofler. 



Music : Professor Adler ; Docent 
Rietsch. 

SCIENCE. 

Mathematics : Professors Ritter v. 
Escherich, Gegenbauer, Kohn, Mer- 
tens ; Docents Blaschke, Daublebsky 
v. Sterneck, Sersawy, Tauber, Zindler, 
Zsigmondy. 

Astronomy : Professor Weiss ; Do- 
cents Hillebrand, Schram. 

Physics : Professors Boltzmann, Exner, 
Jager, v. Lang ; Docents Lampa, 
Moser, Smoluchowski, Tuma. 

Chemistry : Professors Herzig, Lieben, 
Lippmann, Weidel ; Docents Blau 
Fossek,Natterer, Pomeranz, Schacherl, 
Vortmann, Wegscheider, Zeisel. 

Mineralogy and Petrography : Pro- 
fessors Becke, Berwerth, Tschermak. 

Geology : Professors Diener, Fuchs, 
Pernter, Reyer, E. Suess, Waagen ; 
Docents Edler v. Arthaber, E. E. 
Suess, Wahner. 

Geography : Professors Penck, Tom- 
aschek ; Docents Paulitschke, Sieger. 

Biology : Professors Brauer, Grobben, 
Hatschek ; Docents Pintner, Schneider, 
Werner. 

Botany : Professors Beck Ritter v. 
Mannagetta, Fritsch, Wettstein, Wies- 
ner ; Docents Burgerstein, Krasser. 

Ethnography : Docent Haberlandt. 

Meteorology : Docent Trabert. 

LATV AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. 

Professors Adler, v. Bawerk, Bernatzik, 
v. Czyhlarz, Friedmann, Gross, Griinhut, 
v. Heinlein, v. Inama-Sternegg, F. 
Klein, Lammasch, Lustkandl, A. Men- 
ger, K. Menger, Menzel, Mitteis, Pfaff, 
v. Phillipsberg, v. Rechtenstamm, v. 
Schey, v. Seidler, Stooss, Unger, v. Zal- 



VIENNA. 



linger ; Docents Brockhausen, Burckhard, 
Ehrenzweig, Feilbogen, Gross, Gruber, 
Griinberg, v. Herrnritt, v. Juraschek, 
Komorzynski, Landesberger, Lenz, Loff- 
ler, Meyer, Pineles, Pollak, Schmid, v. 
Schrattenhofen, Schwiedland, Singer, 
Strisower, Tezner, Walker, v. Wretschko. 

MEDICINE. 

Anatomy : Professors Dalla-Rosa, Pal- 
tauf, Schenk, Toldt, Weichselbaum, 
Zuckerkandl ; Docent Kretz. 

Physiology : Professors Exner, Fuchs ; 
Docents Beer, Kreidl, Latschenberger. 

Histology : Professors Ebner Ritter v. 
Rofenstein, Schaffer ; Docent Rabl. 

Chemistry : Professors Ludwig, Mauth- 
ner ; Docent S. Frankel. 

Medicine : Professors Chvostek, Oser, 
Winternitz ; Docents Biach, Drozda, 
Hammerschlag, Heitler, Herz, Klein, 
Kolisch, v. Limbeck, H. Lorenz, Man- 
naberg, Obermayer, Ortner, Pal, Pick, 
Schlesinger, Schwarz, Sternberg, 
Strauss, Weiss, Ritter v. Weismayr. 

Surgery : Professors Albert, Englisch, 
Ritter v. Frisch, Gussenbauer, Hoch- 
enegg, Hofmokl, A. Lorenz, Ritter v. 
Mosetig-Moorhof, Weinlechner ; Do- 
cents Biidinger, Ewald, Fieber, Frank, 
Frankel, Habart, Schnitzler, E. Ull- 
mann, Zuckerkandl. 

Obstetrics : Professors Braun, Breus, 
Chrobak, Lott, Schauta ; Docents 
Braun v. Fernwald, Felsenreich, Herz- 
feld, Jurie Edler v. Lavandal, Li- 
hotzky, Ludwig, Peters, Wertheim, v. 
Weiss. 

Pharmacy : Professor Vogl ; Docent 
Paschkis. 

Pathology : Professors Ritter v. Basch, 
Gaertner, Knoll, Neusser, Nothnagel, 
Schrotter Ritter v. Kristelli, Ritter v. 



Stoffella d'alta Rupe ; Docents Biedl, 
Kovacs, Schiitz. 

Diseases of the Ear: Professors Po- 
litzer, Urbantschitsch ; Docents Bing, 
Gomperz, Pollak. 

Diseases of the Eye : Professors Berg- 
meister, Fuchs, Ritter v. Reuss, Schna- 
bel ; Docents Bernheimer, Elschnig, 
R. Gruber, Klein, Konigstein, Miiller, 
Salzmann, Topolansky, Wintersteiner. 

Diseases of Children: Professors Friih- 
wald, Kassowitz, Monti, Freiherr v. 
Widerhofer ; Docents Eisenschitz, Fol- 
tanek, Fronz, Ritter v. Huttenbrenner. 

Skin Diseases : Professors Finger, Rit- 
ter v. Hebra, Kaposi, Lang, Mracek, 
Neumann, Edler v. Zeissl ; Docents 
Ehrmann, Griinfeld, Ritter v. Hebra, 
Kohn, Riehl, Schiff, Spiegler, K. Ull- 
mann, Vajda. 

Nervous Diseases : Professors Bene- 
dikt, Frankl Ritter v. Hochwart, 
Fritsch, Freiherr v. Krafft-Ebing,Ober- 
steiner, Wagner Ritter v. Jauregg ; Do- 
cents Freud, Hollander, Redlich, Frei 
herr Steiner v. Pfungen. 

Diseases of the Throat : Professors 
Chiari, Stoerk ; Docents Grossmann, 
Hajek, Koschier, Rethi, Roth. 

Balneology : Professor Clar. 

Hospital Practice : Professor Stern. 

Medical Jurisprudence : Professors 
Haberda, Kolisko. 

History of Medicine: Professor Pusch- 
mann ; Docents Neuburger, Ritter v. 
TQply. 

Hygiene : Professors M. Gruber, 
Kratschmer ; Docent Schattenfroh. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors Bauer, Ehrhard, Grimmich, 
Laurin, Neumann, Polzl, Reinhold, 
Schafer, Schindler, Swoboda. 



BELGIUM. 



BELGIUM. 



There are in Belgium five universities, the state universi- 
ties of Ghent and Liege, the free universities of Brussels and 
Louvain, and the new university of Brussels. In 1883 women 
were admitted on the same conditions as men to the univer- 
sities of Brussels, Ghent and Liege and also allowed to take 
the state examinations. The new University of Brussels has 
been open to women since its foundation. The Catholic Uni- 
versity of Louvain, however, does not admit women. 

Each university comprises the Faculties of Arts, Science, 
Law and Medicine, and each of these Faculties provides in- 
struction and grants upon examination the degrees of Can- 
didate and Doctor to students who have fulfilled certain re- 
quirements. 

Examinations are also held and degrees conferred by state 
commissions, made up of examiners chosen in equal numbers 
from among the professors of the state universities and the 
free university. These commissions are of two kinds, the 
central commission and special commissions. The central 
commission is accessible to any student who desires to present 
himself for examination, the special commissions, instituted 
for certain separate " faculties " or colleges which do not con- 
stitute a university, are accessible only to students of the fac- 
ulties for which they were established. 

No student is admitted to the examination for the degree of 
Candidate, unless he present a certificate, stating that he has 
followed certain specified courses of study. Such certificates 
may be given by the directors of private schools or even by 
private teachers. They testify, however, to a prolonged 
preparation, and since this enactment was passed in 1890 
the number of women students in the universities has greatly 



12 BRUSSELS. 

■diminished. Students who cannot produce the necessary cer- 
tificate must pass an entrance examination. 

No student is admitted to the examination for the degree of 
Doctor unless he has obtained the degree of Candidate or a 
degree considered equivalent to this. 

To obtain the degree of Candidate in Philosophy and Lit- 
erature, the student is required to study for four semesters 
and to pass two examinations. The course of study is defi- 
nitely prescribed but foreigners are allowed to substitute 
equivalent work. It is advisable for a foreigner to have his 
diplomas certified by some member of the Belgian embassy. 
For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy two additional years 
of study are required, and one or two more examinations 
must be passed. 

The year is divided into two semesters, beginning respec- 
tively on the first Thursday in October and on the last Mon- 
day in February. 

The fees charged by the state and the free universities are 
approximately the same. Upon registering at the university 
each student is required to pay 15 fr. ($3). In addition he 
must register for the courses that he desires to take ; for such 
registration a fee of 200 fr. ($40) or 250 fr. ($50) a year is 
charged for attending all the courses required for the differ- 
ent degrees. The fee for attending one particular course 
is 40 fr. ($8) to 80 fr. ($16) a year. 

BRUSSELS, Belgium. 
UNIVERSITE LIBRE DE BRUXELLES. 

This university, founded in 1834, and independent of Church 
and State, consists of the Faculties of Arts, Science, Law, Medi- 
cine and Pharmacy, and a Technical School. 

In 1897 the Special School of Social and Political Science was 
definitely organised. All the courses are open free to the public, 



BELGIUM. 



13 



but regular students must hold a Doctor's degree in one of the 
faculties of a Belgian University or a foreign degree equivalent 
to this, or must pass a preliminary examination. A two years' 
course is prescribed for the degree of Licentiate in any branch of 
Political Science, and an additional year's work is required before 
the degree of Doctor can be obtained. 

Women are admitted to all lectures, examinations and degrees. 

The academic year begins in October, the second semester in 
March. 

For fees, etc., see above; the fee for tuition in the School of 
Social and Political Science is 50 fr. ($10). 

Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, M. Lavachery. 
Professors and Lecturers. 

ARTS. 

Languages. — Classical : Professors 
Boisacq, De Moor, Vollgraff, Wil- 
lems. 

Romance : Professors Monseur, Per- 
gameni. 

Germanic : Professors Monseur, Voll- 
graff. 
Sanscrit and Comparative Philol- 
ogy : Professor Monseur. 
Philosophy : Professors Denis, Leclere, 

Tiberghien ; MM. Berthelot, Dwels- 

hauvers. 
Political Science : Professors Denis, 

P. Errera, Giron, Goblet D'Alviella, 

Lameere, Nys, Vauthier ; MM. An- 

siaux, Cattier, Hymans, Waxweiler, 

Wodon. 
History : Professors Goblet d'Alviella, 

Leclere, Lonchay, Pergameni, Van- 

derkindere. 
Pedagogy : Professor Lonchay. 

SCIENCE. 

Mathematics : Professors Anspach, 
Brand, Charbo, Mineur, Tassel ; M. 
Stroobant. 



Physics : Professors Reychler, Rousseau. 
Chemistry : Professors Daimeries, Joly, 

Reychler, de Wilde. 
Geology : Professor Prinz. 
Biology : Professors Bommer, Errera, 

Francotte, Lameere, Massart, Romme- 

laere, Yseux. 
Engineering : M. de Keyser. 

LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. 

Professors Baudour, Behaeghel, Cor- 
nil, Dallemagne, Duvivier, Giron, Nys, 
Olin, Prins, Van der Rest, Thomas, M. 
Vautier, A. Vauthier; MM. Berthelot, 
Cattier, de Hoon, Hanssens. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors Carpentier, Coppez, Crocq, 
Desmeth, Destree, Hauben, Heger, 
Jacques, Kufferath, Laurent, Romme- 
laere, Sacre, de Smet, Spehl, Sti6non r 
1 hiriar ; MM. Gallet, Wilmart. 

TECHNICAL SCHOOL. 

Professors Anspach, Berge, Van Dru- 
nen, Horta, Huberti ; M. Habets. 



UNIVERSITE NOUVELLE DE BRUXELLES. 
21 and 28 rue des Minimes ; 28 rue de Ruysbroeck, Brussels, Belgium. 

This university, founded in 1894, consists of the four faculties of 
Arts, Science, Law and Medicine, and has a technical school, a 



14 BRUSSELS. 

school of brewing and an Institut des Hautes Etudes. It has the 
right to give diplomas to students whether foreign or native, but 
these diplomas do not yet confer the same privileges in the way of 
admission to learned professions in Belgium as those obtained from 
other Belgian universities. 

Women are admitted to all lectures, examinations and degrees. 

The fee for registration (inscription) in the different faculties 
is 150 francs ($30) ; the fee for admission to a single course is 30 
francs ($6). In the Institut a card costing 40 francs ($8) admits 
to all the courses for a year. There are three scholarships of 500 
francs ($100) each, giving free admission to all the courses of the 
university and of the Institut des Hautes Etudes. There are also 
forty scholarships of 150 francs ($30) each. Candidates for these 
scholarships should apply, in writing, to M. le Secretaire General, 
before the first of October. 

For further information apply to the Secretary, M. Charles De- 
jongh, 21, rue des Minimes, a Bruxelles ; or in England to Mr. 
Cobden Sanderson, 49, Frognat, Hampstead, London, W. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

arts. Architecture : Professors Defontaine, 

Languages. — Classical : Professors Hankar, Vincent. 

Collette, Grossmann, Huysmans, Pedagogy : Professors Cocq, Robin. 

Zanardelli. science. 

Romance : Professors Demblon, Eek- , , D , t> j 

, , u J T -ci MATHEMATICS : Professors Bernard, 

houd, Huysmans, Lemonnier, Spaak, „. , T ,, ,/ . T ,, ' 

j a \{- Cxirard, Lebegue, Mongenast, L. Mo- 

■r, „„„„,, ' r> r An c t\ i reau, Picard, Roorda ; M. Bertrand. 

Philosophy: Professors de Greef, Del- r> r „ r „' D \ „, k v\ x> 

, D , ' u , • ,v Physics : Professors Blancort, De Brou- 

vaux, de Koberty, Hennebicq, Meyer, , , ,, A a 

AT j t> . • c ii- ckere ; /)/. Conrardy. 

Nordau, Petrucci, holher. ^ ' , n r r t\ 1 

Political Science : Professors Brouez, Chemistry: Professors Courtoy Del- 

, t, , , j ,-, J r t-v iu - bastee, Depaepe, Dungelhoen, (jille 

de Brouckere, de Ureei, Delbastee. c . , -it- \ nr -c a 

y P . ' . . ' . , • Schuyten, Vincent ; M. Bernard. 

eion, e 1, . , n &°'.. v ^,, eVb 7' Geology : Professors Malaise, Vincent. 

Lazare, Vandervelde, Van Llewyck, t, n -i ~, , ~ 

V lr • /I/" S Ik* Biology : Professors Chalon, Coremans, 

History'- Professors De Greef Furne Delbastee, Depaepe, De Rechter, 

HISTORY r, ofssouVe Ureet, r urne Noe] Nig p et rucci ; M. Cberbanoff. 

mont, Gedoelst, Gheude, Huysmans, ' ' 

Joseph, Meysmans, Reclus, Robert, law. 

Seeliger. Professors Adan, Bon, Carlier, De- 

Geography : Professor Reclus. jongh, Des Cressonnieres, Duchaine, 

Art and Archeology : Professors Dumont, D' Union, Franck, Frick, 

Bacha, Destree, Joseph, Petrucci, Gedoelst, Ghysbrecht, Hamande, Hege- 

Picard, Van de Velde, Verhaeren. ner, Hennebicq, Heupgen, Houyoux. P. 

Egyptology : Jlf. Galiment. Janson, P. E. Janson, LaFontaine, 



BELGIUM. 



15 



Moreau, Octors, Picard, Prayon van Zuy- 
len, Previnaire, Robert, Royer, Schoen- 
feld, Treille, Van der Cruyssen, Van Ister- 
beek, Van Meenen. 



Brasseur, Delbastee, Delcourt, De No- 
bele, De Reenter, Felix, Gillion, Hen- 
rotay, Jacobs, Lambotte, Lepine, Mare- 
chal, Martha, Michaud, Mineur, C. 
Moreau, Pirsch, Popelin, Riez, Troost, 
Van den Bergh, Wodon, MM. Bran- 



Professors Bonmariage, Boulengier, quart, Claessens. 

GHEVT, Belgium. 
UNIVERSITE DE L' ETAT DE GAND. 

This university, founded in 1816, consists of the Faculties of 
Arts, Science, Law and Medicine. The degrees, lectures and ex- 
aminations are open to women. In 1898-99 two women were at- 
tending courses in the university and both were registered in the 
Medical Faculty. 

The first semester begins on the first Tuesday in October, the 
second semester on the last Monday in February. 

For fees, etc., see above. 

Professors and Lecturers. 



ARTS. 

Languages. — Classical : Professors 
de la Vallee Poussin, Thomas ; MM. 
Bidez, Preud' Homme. 

Flemish : Professors Fredericq, Ver- 
coullie ; M. de Vreese. 

Germanic : Professor Bley. 

English : Professor Logeman. 

Romance : Professor Discailles. 

Chinese : M. Steenackers. 

Russian : M. Taitsch. 
Comparative Philology and Sans- 
krit : Professor de la Vallee Poussin. 
Philosophy : Professors Van Biervliet, 

Hoffmann, Hulin. 
History : Professors de Ceuleneer, Cu- 

mont, Motte, Pirenne ; MM. Van der 

Haeghen, Roersch. 

SCIENCE. 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
fessors Dusausoy, Foulon, Haerens, 
Mansion, Massau, Mister, Van Rys- 
selberghe, Servais ; MM. Demoulin, 
Fagnart, Wolters. 

Physics : Professors Van Aubel, Boul- 
vin, Van der Mensbrugge, Schoentjes. 

Chemistry : Professors Delacre, Gilson, 
Nelissen, de la Royere, Swarts. 



Geology and Mineralogy : Professor 
Renard. 

Physical Geography : Professors Mac- 
Leod, Van der Mensbrugge, Renard. 

Metallurgy : M. Breda. 

Biology : Professors Van Bambeke, Van 
Ermengem, MacLeod, Plateau. 

Engineering : Professors Boulvin, Van 
der Linden, G. Wolters ; MM. Colard, 
Flamache. 

Architecture : Professor Cloquet. 

Technology : Professor de Wilde ; M. 
Foulon. 

Commercial Geography : M. Merten. 

LAW. 

Professors De Brabandere, Dubois, 
Callier, D'Hondt, Montigny, Nossent, 
Obrie, Pyfferoen, de Ridder, Rolin, 
Seresia, Van Wetter; MM. Claeys, 
Dauge, Halleux, Nicolai. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors Van Bambeke, Boddaert, 
Bouque, Van Cauwenberghe, de Cock, 
Deneffe, Van Duyse, Eeman, Van Erm- 
engem, Gilson, Heymans, Van Imschoot, 
Lahousse, Leboucq, Verstraeten. 



1 6 



LIEGE. 



LIEGE, Belgium. 
UNIVERSITE DE LIEGE. 

This university, founded in 1817, consists of the Faculties of 
Arts, Science, Law and Medicine. There is also a Technical 
School. The degrees, lectures and examinations are open to 
women. In 1S98-99 nine women were attending courses in the 
university. 

The first semester begins on the third Thursday in October, the 
second in the beginning of March. 

For fees, etc., see above. 



Professors and Lecturers. 



ARTS. 



Profii 



MM. Bischoff, Orth. 
Professors Doutrepont, 



Languages. — Oriental 
Chauvin. 

Classical : Professors Demarteau, 
Michel, Parmentier, Waltzing. 

English : MM. Orth, Veerdeghem. 

Flemish : MM. de Block, Veerde- 
ghem. 

Germanic : 

Romance : 
Wilmotte. 
History of Literature : Professors 

Francotte, Kurth. 
Philosophy : Professors Grafe, Merten. 
Political Science : Professors Dejace, 

Francotte; MM. De Craene,Delescluse. 
History : Professors Hubert, Kurth, Le- 

quarre. 
Pai eography : Professor Bormans. 
Art and Archeology : Professor De- 
marteau ; M. Renard. 

SCIENCE. 

Mathematics : Professors Lepaige, 
Neuberg, de Locht, J. de Ruyts ; 
MM. Hubert, F. de Ruyts. 



Physics : Professors de Heen, Ronkar. 
Chemistry : Professors Spring, de Kon- 

inck. 
Geology and Mineralogy : Professors 

Cesaro, Dewalque, Lohest ; M. Firket. 
Biology : Professors Van Beneden, 

Fraipont, Gravis. 
Hygiene : M. Kuborn. 



Professors Dejace, Galopin, Lemaire, 
Mahaim, Orban, De Senarclens, Van der 
Smissen, Thiry ; MM. Bellefroid, Cra- 
hay, Prost, Schneider, Willems. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors P'irket, Francotte, Fraipont, 
Fredericq, Gilkinet, Jorrisen, Julin, 
Masius, Nuel, Putzeys, Scheffers, Swaen, 
v. Winiwarter; MM. Chandelon, Henri- 
jean, Jorissen, Malvoz, Troisfontaines. 

TECHNICAL SCHOOL. 

Professors Breda, Dechamps, Duguet, 
v. Dwelshauvers de Ry, Gerard, Gillon 
Habets, Holzer, Krutwig, Stevart. 



CANADA. 17 



CANADA. 



There are in Canada the following universities : the Uni- 
versity of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick ; 
Dalhousie College and University, Halifax, Nova Scotia ; 
Queens College and University, Kingston, Ontario ; the Uni- 
versity of Bishop's College, Lennoxville, Quebec ; McGill 
University, Montreal ; the University of Toronto, University 
College, Victoria University and Trinity University, To- 
ronto ; the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba. 

The courses and degrees of these universities are in gen- 
eral open to women. In some cases there are special Med- 
ical Schools for Women connected with the university and 
giving preparation for the university degrees. 

The colleges have as a rule no halls of residence ; the stu- 
dents reside in boarding houses, which must be approved by 
the college authorities. 

FREDERICTON, New Brunswick. 
UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 

The University of New Brunswick, founded in 1800, gives in- 
struction and confers degrees in Arts, Science and Law. 

Four classes of students are recognised : undergraduates, students 
in special undergraduate courses, partial students (those who attend 
two or more courses of lectures and are matriculated) , and oc- 
casional students (those admitted by the Faculty to a particular 
course of lectures.) 

Women are admitted to the university on the same terms as men, 
that is, unless they are merely occasional students, they have to pass 
the ordinary entrance examinations. 

The academic year consists of two terms, the Michaelmas term, 
beginning on September 28th and ending on December 20th, the 
Easter term, beginning on January 5th and ending on May 31st. 



1 8 HALIFAX. 

The matriculation fee is $2 and the tuition fee $30 annually. In 
addition every student upon matriculating must give to the registrar 
a bond to the amount of $40 to pay all charges accruing under the 
regulations of the university. 

The average cost of board and lodging in Fredericton is $3 a 
week. 

Six scholarships are offered at the University of New Brunswick, 
but women are excluded from three of these. 

For further information address Prof. Stockley, Fredericton, 
New Brunswick. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

ARTS. SCIENCE. 

Languages. — Classical : Professor Mathematics : Professor Harrison. 

Raymond. Physics : Professor Downing. 

English and French : Professor Chemistry and Natural Science : 

Stockley. Professor Bailey. 

Philosophy and Political Economy : Engineering : Professors Dixon, Down- 

Professor John Davidson. ing. 
History : Professor Raymond. 

HALIFAX, Nova Scotia. 
DALHOUSIE COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY. 

Dalhousie College was founded in 1S21, and by an act passed in 
1S41 university powers were granted to the college. 

Courses are given and degrees conferred in Arts, Science, Law 
and Medicine. 

Persons of either sex may become students at the college by fur- 
nishing satisfactory references, entering their names in the register 
and paying the annual registration fee. Registered students may, 
after paying the proper fee, enter any of the ordinaiy classes of the 
college. The advanced classes are open to students who have suf- 
ficient knowledge of the subjects taught in them. 

The college has no hall of residence, but women undergraduates 
are admitted, under special conditions, as boarders at the Halifax 
Ladies' College. 

The academic year consists of one session. The session in Arts 
and Science begins about the middle of September, the School of 



CANADA. 19 

Law begins about September 1st, and that of Medicine about Oc- 
tober 1st. All the sessions close at the end of April. 

The registration fee is $4 to be paid annually. $6 is paid for 
attendance in each class which is not practical ; for the practical 
classes the fees vary from $6 to $14 per class. The average amount 
of fees per session is $34. 

Seven scholarships are awarded at Dalhousie College. Five of 
these are of the value of $40 each, while the others entitle the 
holders to exemption from fees during the entire course. 

For further information apply to the secretary, Dalhousie Col- 
lege, Halifax, Nova Scotia. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

arts. Chemistry and Mineralogy : Pro- 

Languages. — Classical : Professors fessor Mackay. 

Johnson (Emeritus), Murray; Mr. Biology : Mr. Halliday. 

J. W. Logan. Engineering : Drs. Gilpin, Murphy ; 

English : Professor MacMechan. Messrs. Archibald, Dick, Doane, Dod- 

Modern : Professor Liechti. well, Johnston, E. Gilpin, Jr., McColl. 

Philosophy : Professor W. C. Murray. law. 

Political Science and History: Pro- Professors Russell, Weldon; Messrs. 

fessor Forrest. Cahan, Harrington, Mclnnes, Ritchie. 
Pedagogy : Professor W. C. Murray ; 



Messrs. Kennedy, McKay, Miller. 



MEDICINE. 

Examiners Anderson, Black, Camp- 

science. bell, Cowie, Curry, Farrell, Goodwin, 

Mathematics : Professor Macdonald ; Henry, Lindsay, McLaren, Muir, Page, 

Mr. Morton. Parker, Reid, Silver, Sinclair, Stewart, 

Physics : Professor MacGregor. Tobin. 

KINGSTON, Ontario. 
QUEEN'S COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY. 

This university, which has been open to women on the same 
conditions as to men since its foundation in 1830, and has had 
women students attending its courses since 1876, gives instruction 
and confers degrees in Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and Theology. 

The classes and pass examinations are open to unmatriculated 
students, but candidates for a degree must pass the matriculation 
examination. Certain equivalent examinations are accepted. 

Students, when registering, must produce a certificate of char- 
acter and pay the required fees. 



20 LENNOXVILLE. 

Classes in Arts, Applied Science and Medicine begin about Octo- 
ber ist and end about April ioth. Classes in Theology begin on 
November ist and end on April 14th. 

There is a short summer session in Medicine, beginning on April 
27th and ending on June 24th, and a summer session in Science, 
beginning on July 5th and lasting four weeks. 

Class fees in the Faculty of Arts are $25 per session; in the Fac- 
ulty of Science about $40; in the Faculty of Medicine $75. Fees 
for single classes are $8 per session. Fees for registration, etc., 
are $10. 

There are numerous prizes and scholarships. 

For further information apply to the registrar, Mr. George Y. 

Chown. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

arts. Physics : Professor Marshall ; Mr. 

Languages. — Classical : Professors Baker. 

Glover, Macnaughton, Nicholson ; Chemistry : Professor Goodwin ; Mr. 

Messrs. Black, Misner, Wallace. Wood. 

English : Professor Cappon. Mineralogy : Professor Nicol. 

Germanic : Professor Macgillivray ; Geology : Mr. Miller. 

Mr. Day. Biology : Professors Fowler, Knight ; 

Romance : Professor Macgillivray ; Messrs. Watson, Williamson. 

Mr. Mcintosh. iaw. 

Comparative Philology: Professor Lecturers Britton, Macdonnell, 

Nicholson. Machar, Mclntyre, Rogers, Walkem. 
Philosophy : Professors Dyde, Wat- 
son ; Messrs. Burton, Hall. medicine. 
Political Science : Professor Shortt ; Professors Anglin, Campbell, Fowler, 
Mr. Cannon. Garrett, Herald, Mundell, Ryan, Sulli- 
HlSTORY : Professor Ferguson ; Mr. van > Wood ! Drs - Clarke, J. C. Connell, 
Carmichael. W - T - Connell. 

SCIENCE. THEOLOGY. 

Mathematics : Professor Dupuis ; Mr. Professors Grant, Mowat, Ross ; Dr. 

Metzler. Thompson. 

LENNOXVILLE, Quebec. 
UNIVERSITY OF BISHOP'S COLLEGE. 

Bishop's College, founded in 1S43, is a small college giving an 
academic course in Arts and Divinity, and conferring degrees in 
Arts, Medicine, Theology and Music, in connection with the 
Faculty of Medicine in Montreal and the Dominion College of 
Music. Almost all the students reside in the college buildings, and 



CANADA. 21 

chiefly on this account the college is not open to women, though 
women have attended the courses in medicine. 

The fees for board, lodging and tuition tor the year are $190. 

Further information may be obtained from the registrar, Mr. F. 
W. Frith, Lennoxville, Quebec. 

MONTREAL, Canada. 
McGILL COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY. 

McGill College and University, founded in 1821, comprises the 
Faculties of Arts, Applied Science, Law, Medicine and Compara- 
tive Medicine and Veterinary Science ; it gives instruction and con- 
fers degrees in these subjects. The educational work of the 
University is carried on in McGill College and the Royal Victoria 
College for women, and in the following affiliated colleges : Mor- 
rin College, Quebec ; St. Francis College, Richmond, P. Q. ; Van- 
couver, College, Vancouver, B. C, and five Theological Colleges. 

Students in the Faculty of Arts are classified as undergraduates 
and partial students. Undergraduates alone can proceed to the 
degree of B.A., and must pass the required entrance examinations. 
Candidates for admission as partial students must satisfy the pro- 
fessors of the several subjects they select of their fitness to attend 
the lectures or be examined in these subjects. Students of other 
universities may be admitted to a like standing in this University 
on production of certificates and after examination by the Faculty. 

The classes in Arts and Science (except Engineering) are open 
to women on the same conditions as to men, and in these subjects 
women take the same examinations as men, under the same regula- 
tions, and may obtain the same degrees. Separate classes are held 
for women in McGill College and the Royal Victoria College, but 
women attend the honours classes, advanced sections, and the 
laboratories with the men students. 

The session begins on September 15th and ends on April 30th. 

Undergraduates pay $60 per session, including gymnasium, 
matriculation and graduation fees. Partial students pay $16 per 
session for one course of lectures in the first or second year, in- 



22 MONTREAL. 

eluding the use of the library, and $12 for each additional course; 
in the third or fourth year, $25 for one course, and $20 for each 
additional course, including laboratories and laboratory materials. 

About thirty exhibitions and scholarships, tenable for one or two 
years, are offered annually. Women have the same privileges as 
men with reference to exhibitions, scholarships, honours, prizes and 
medals. 

The Royal Victoria College, which is situated within the precincts 
of McGill University, is open to women only. It consists of one 
large hall of residence, providing accommodation for the mistress, 
resident tutors, and about one hundred students, and comprises sev- 
eral lecture halls, theatre and gymnasium. The charge for board, 
lodging and tuition is from $300 to $450 per session, and this 
covers all university and college charges. Each student has a bed- 
room and sitting room or one large sitting room divided. 

For further information apply to Mr. W. Vaughan, Registrar, 
McGill University, Montreal. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

arts. Biology : Professors MacBride, Mills, 

Languages. — Oriental : Professor Penhallow ; Drs. J. D. Cameron, 

Coussirat. Elder, Henderson, McCarthy, Morrow, 

Classical : Professors Carter, Eaton, Robertson, Ross, Scane, Springle; Mr. 

Peterson ; Messrs. Sanders, Slack. Jackson ; Miss Derick. 

ENGLISH : Professor Moyse ; Messrs. ENGINEERING : Professors Bovey, Mc- 

Archibald, P. T. Lafleur ; Miss Leod, Nicolson, Owens, Porter; 

Mitchell. Messrs. Armstrong, Bell, Durley, 

Germanic: Messrs. Gregor, Lam- Herdt, Jaquays, Kerry, Lea. 

bert. Architecture : Professor Capper. 

Romance : Messrs. Ingres, Lambert, law. 

Morin. Professors Davidson, Doherty, Fortin, 

Philosophy : Professor Murray ; Mr. Geoffrion, E. Lafleur, Macmaster, Mar- 

Lafleur. l er> McGoun, Walton ; Messrs. Geoffrion, 

History : Professor Colby. Macdougall, Ryan. 

Elocution : Mr. Stephen. medicine. 

science. Professors Adami, Armstrong, Baker, 

Mathematics : Professors Chandler, Bell, Birkett, Blackader, Buller, J. C. 

Johnson ; Alessrs. Lea, Tory. Cameron, Craik, Finley, Gardner, John- 

Physics : Professors Cox, Rutherford ; ston, H. A. Lafleur, C. McEachran, 

Messrs. Barnes, King, Pitcher. D. McEachran, Roddick, Shepherd, 

CHEMISTRY : Professors Girdwood, Har- Stewart, Wilkins ; Drs. Anderson, Brad- 

rington, Ruttan, Walker ; Messrs. ley, Burgess, K. Cameron, G. G. Camp- 

Brodie, Evans, Saunders, Wolf. bell, Evans, Gardner, Garrow, Gunn, 

Mineralogy : Professor Harrington. Hamilton, Hutchison, Kerry, Lockhart, 

Geology : Professor Adams ; Mr. Le- Martin, McKenzie, McTaggart, Nicolls, 

roy. Orr, Semple, Shaw, Webster. 



CANADA. 23 

TORONTO, Canada. 
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE. 

The University of Toronto, founded in 1S27, has connected with 
it University College and Victoria University. 

Instruction is given in different subjects of the Arts course by 
the Arts Faculties of the University of Toronto, Victoria Univer- 
sity and University College; Latin, Greek, Ancient History, Eng- 
lish, French, German, Oriental Literature and Ethics are taught 
by the latter two Faculties and the remaining subjects by the Uni- 
versity of Toronto. Knox College, Wycliffe College and St. 
Michael's College give instruction in Theology and allied subjects. 

All courses, examinations and degrees are open to women on 
exactly the same conditions as to men. 

No conditions are imposed in regard to residence ; women stu- 
dents are under the supervision of a lady superintendent whose 
directions as to conduct are to be observed. Comfortable board 
and lodging may be had from $3 a week. 

There are two terms in the year : the Michaelmas term, begin- 
ning October 1st and ending December 22nd; the Easter term, 
beginning January 9th and ending April 21st. 

The annual fee for each course of not more than fifteen hours of 
lectures is $2. The fees for matriculation are $5 and $15. 

There are numerous scholarships and fellowships varying in value 
from $50 to $500, full particulars concerning which can be obtained 
from the calendar, or from the registrar. 

VICTORIA UNIVERSITY. 

This university, founded in 1830, has the affiliated Colleges, 
Albert College, Belleville ; the Wesleyan Ladies' College, Hamil- 
ton ; the Ontario Ladies' College, Whitby ; Alma College, St. 
Thomas ; and Columbian Methodist College, New Westminster, 
B. C. 

The Faculty of Arts in Victoria University provides instruction 
in all subjects assigned to it by the Federation Act of University 
College (see above). In other subjects the students of Victoria 



24 



TORONTO. 



University attend the lectures and use the laboratories of the Uni- 
versity of Toronto. 

The general fees are the same as for Toronto University, but there 
are additional college fees of from $25 to $30 a year. 



Professors and Lecturers. 



ARTS. 

Languages. — Oriental : Professors 
McCurdy, McLaughlin ; Mr. Muri- 
son. 
Classical : Professors Bell, Fletcher, 
Hutton, Wallace ; Dr. Johnston ; 
Messrs. Carruthers, Langford, Mil- 
ner, J. C. Robertson. 
English : Professors Alexander, Horn- 
ing, Reynar ; Mr. Keys. 
German : Professors Horning, Van der 
Smissen ; Drs. Needier, Toews ; 
Mr. Lang. 
Romance : Professors W. H. Fraser, 
Petch, Squair ; Drs. Edgar, Toews ; 
Messrs. Cameron, de Champ, Mas- 
son, Sacco. 
Comparative Philology : Professor 

Hutton. 
Philosophy: Professors Badgley, Hume; 

Drs. Kirschmann, F. Tracy. 
Political Science : Professors Bur- 
wash, Mavor, Hon. David Mills, 
the Hon. Justice Proudfoot ; Mr 
Moore. 
History : Professors Bain, Wrong. 

SCIENCE. 

Mathematics : Professor A. Baker ; 

Messrs. de Lury, Rusk. 
Physics : Professor James Loudon ; 



Messrs. Chant, W. J. Loudon, Mc- 
Lennan. 
Chemistry : Professor Pike ; Drs. Ellis, 

W. L. Miller, Smale ; Mr. F. B. 

Allan. 
Mineralogy and Geology : Professo; 

Coleman ; Mr. W. A. Parks. 
Biology : Professors A. B. Macallum 

R. Ramsay Wright ; Messrs. B. A. 

Bensley, R. R. Bensley, E. C. Jeffrey. 
Hygiene ; Professor Oldright. 

LAW. 

Professors the Hon. David Mills, Hon. 
Justice Proudfoot. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors H. W. Aikins, Bruce, Burn- 
ham, Cameron, J. Caven, W. P. Caven, 
Daniel Clark, Ellis, Graham, Heebner, 
A. B. MaCallum, J. M. MacCallum, Mc- 
Donagh, McPhedran, Ogden, Peters, 
Primrose, Reeve, Ross, Spencer, Sweet- 
nam, A. H. Wright; Drs. Kendrick, 
Machell, Spencer, Thistle, Winnett ; 
Messrs. Amyot, Bensley, Boyd, Dwyer, 
Goldie, Gordon, Hon. David Mills, Mc- 
Collum, Mcllwraith, MacKenzie, Rudolf, 
Small, Starr, Stenhouse. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors Badgley, J. Burwash, N. 
Burwash, McLaughlin, Reynar, Wallace. 



TRINITY UNIVERSITY. 

This university, founded by a Royal Charter in 1S52, gives in- 
struction and confers degrees in Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and 
Theology (Church of England). All candidates for a degree must 
pass the matriculation examination. 

Women are admitted to the arts course on the same conditions as 
men ; women studying medicine attend the Woman's Medical 
College. 

The year is divided into three terms, the Michaelmas term be- 
ginning on October 3rd and ending on December 6th ; the Lent term 



CANADA. 25 

beginning on January 12th and ending on March 26th; the Easter 
term beginning on April 18th and ending on June 25th. The 
tuition fee for each term is $21.66, and is paid to the Bursar. 

Residence in the college buildings is not compulsory, but 
is strongly recommended. The hall of residence for women is St. 
Hilda's College. The fees for board are $70 per term, with an 
entrance fee of $12. Occasional students are admitted at the dis- 
cretion of the Lady Principal to take partial courses in one or more 
subjects. For further information apply to Mrs. Rigby, 337 Shaw 

Street, Toronto. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

ARTS. SCIENCE. 

Languages. — Classical : Professor Mathematics : Professor M. A. Mac- 

Huntingford ; Mr. W. H. White. Kenzie. 

Modern : Mr. A. H. Young. Science : Messrs. Montgomery, Simp- 

Philology : Mr. A. H. Young. son - 

Philosophy : Professor W. Clark. theology. 

History : Professor Rigby. Professors Cayley, Welch ; Mr. Bed- 

Elocution : Mr. H. N. Shaw. ford- Jones. 

WOMAN'S MEDICAL COLLEGE. 

This college, founded in 1883, was affiliated with the University 
of Toronto in 1890. 

It gives instruction in all the subjects required by the College of 
Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario for admission to a license to 
practice, and also in all the subjects required for examination by 
the faculty of Medicine of the University of Toronto. 

The recently erected building is situated in Sumach Street, To- 
ronto. 

St. Hilda's College is a hall of residence for women students ; 
see above. 

For full particulars see the annual announcement of the college, 
to be obtained from the dean, Dr. R. B. Nevitt. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

medicine. hart ; Lecturers, Drs. Bryans, Creasor, 
Professors Susanna Boyle, Chambers, J. Gray, McKenzie, Parsons ; Misses 
Cleland, Duncan, Eadie, Gullen, J. Mac- Curzon, L. A. Davis, Lynd ; Messrs. 
Callum, Machell, McMahon, Nevitt, Cane, Cleland, Dwyer, C. B. Shuttle- 
Powell, Pyne, J. F. W. Ross, G. B. worth, E. B. Shuttleworth, Stenhouse. 
Smith, Sweetnam, Thistle, Tyrell, Wis- 



26 WINNIPEG 

WINNIPEG, Manitoba. 
THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA. 

This university, founded in 1S77, is the only body having power 
to confer degrees in Arts, Law and Medicine in the Province of 
Manitoba. It is an examining body, the educational work being 
carried on in the affiliated colleges, St. Boniface College, St. 
John's College, Manitoba College, Wesley College and the Mani- 
toba Medical College. All the courses are open to women on the 
same conditions as to men. 

Further particulars may be obtained from the registrar, Mr. I. 
Pitblado, Winnipeg, Manitoba. 



FINLAND. 27 

FINLAND. 

HELSINGFORS, Finland. 

KEJSERLIGA ALEXANDERS-UNIVERSITETET I FINLAND. 

This university, founded in 1640, resembles the Swedish univer- 
sities in constitution and consists of the four faculties of Philosophy 
(Arts and Science) Law, Medicine and Theology. 

Men students, in order to be admitted, must have obtained the 
Abgangszeugniss of a gymnasium or a lyceum, but although the 
gymnasia are attended by both sexes, women who wish to enter 
the university in any faculty except that of medicine must obtain 
special permission from the Chancellor. At present, over 200 
women are studying in the university. The recent action of 
Russia in regard to Finland may to some extent affect the position 
of women in the university. 

In the Philosophical Faculty the four degrees of Candidate, 
Master, Licentiate and Doctor are conferred ; in the other faculties 
only three, the Candidate, Licentiate and Doctor. Before entering 
for degrees in Law, Medicine or Theology the student must have 
passed the examination for the degree of Candidate in Philosophy. 
For the degree of Licentiate in Law, Medicine or Theology, two 
years' practice is required. The degree of M.A. was conferred on 
a woman for the first time in 1882. 

The academic year begins in the middle of September. Many 
of the lectures are free, for others a fee of 12 francs ($2.40) is 
charged. The fees for examinations vary from 12 francs ($2.40) 
to 200 francs ($40). 

For further information see the Programme, Kataloge, Fin- 
lands Statskalender, Handbuch des Finnldndischen Frauen- 
vereins ; also statistics concei'ning the higher education and public 
position of women in Finland published by Professor Dr. Seiling, 
of the Polytechnic Institute (Polylekniska Institute?), Helsingfors. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

arts. Classical : Professor Heikel. 

Languages. — Oriental : Professor English : Reader Florell. 

; Docent Tallqvist. Finnish, Swedish : Professors Freu- 



28 



HELSINGFORS. 



denthal, Genetz, Setala ; Docents 
Krohn, Paasonen, Vendell, Wich- 
mann ; Readers Bergroth, Cajander. 
Russian, Slavonic : Professors Man- 
delstam; Docent Mikkola; Readers 
Almberg, Brotherus. 
Germanic : Docents Karsten, Lind- 
elof; Readers Godenhjelm, Ohqvist. 
Romance : Professors Gustafsson, So- 
derhjelm ; Docent Wallenskold ; 
Reader Kalm. 
Sanscrit and Comparative Philol- 
ogy : Professor Donner; Docent Reu- 
ter. 
Phonetics : Docent Pipping. 
Philosophy : Professors Rein, Tudeer ; 

Docent A. Grotenfelt. 
History : Professors Danielson, Pal- 
men, Schybergson ; Docents v. Bons- 
dorff, Crohns, K. Grotenfelt, Snell- 
man. 
Political Science : Docents Tallqvist, 

Westermarck. 
Modern Literature and ^Esthetics : 
Professors Aspelin, Estlander, Tik- 
kanen ; Docents Donner, Him. 
Archeology : Docent Nordstrom. 
Pedagogy : Professor Ruin ; Docent 
Johnsson. 

SCIENCE. 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
fessors Donner, Neovius ; Docents Le- 



v&nen, Lindelof, Stenberg, Tallqvist. 
Physics : Professors Lemstrom, Sundell; 

Docents Homen, Melander. 
Chemistry : Professors Aschan, Hjelt ; 

Docents Komppa, af Schulten. 
Mineralogy and Geology : Professoi 

; Docent Ramsay. 

Zoology : Professors Palmen, Reuter, 

Sahlberg ; Docents Levander, E. F. 

Reuter. 
Botany : Professors Elfving, Kihlman, 

Norrlin ; Docent Wainio. 
Geography : Docent Hult. 

LAW. 

Professors Chydenius, Forsman, Her- 
manson, Lang, Stahlberg, Wrede ; 
Docent Charpentier ; Reader Fav6n. 



Professors Asp, Engstrom, Hallsten, 
Heinricius, Holsti, Homen, Pipping, 
Runeberg, v. Schulten, Sundvik, Wahl- 
fors ; Docents v. Bonsdorff, Clopatt, af 
Forselles, Growroos, Hagelstam, Houg- 
berg, Kolster, Krogius, Lundstrom, 
Moller, Nordman, Schauman, Sibellius, 
Sievers, Torngren. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors Appelberg, Johansson, Ro- 
senqvist, Stenij, Totterman. 



DENMARK. 29 

DENMARK. 

COPENHAGEN, Denmark. 

KJOBENHAVNS UNIVERSITET. 

There is one university in Denmark, that of Copenhagen, Kjo- 
benhavns Universitet, founded in 1478. It comprises the five Facul- 
ties of Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and Theology; the Faculty 
of Theology confers the degrees of Doctor and Licentiate, the 
other Faculties that of Doctor only. 

Women have been admitted on the same conditions as men since 
1875, and may take examinations and degrees in all the Faculties 
except that of Theology, in which there is a special examination 
for women. 

The conditions for entrance are that the candidate must have 
passed the matriculation examination of a lyceum, or of a private 
school having the same privileges ; certain other examinations qual- 
ify for entrance provided that a supplementary examination be 
taken. Before taking the special examinations of any Faculty the 
student must have attended a preparatory course in philosophy 
for two semesters. 

There are two semesters, the first beginning February 1st and 
ending June 9th; the second beginning September 1st and ending 
December 22nd. 

There are no fees for lectures; the matriculation fee is 22 Kr. 
($5.94) ; the fee for the Doctor's degree is 160 Kr. ($43.20). Schol- 
arships founded before 1875 are not open to women. 

Further information may be found in the Aftergu sur /' Organi- 
sation de l' Universite de Coftenkague, or obtained on applica- 
tion to the rector. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

arts. English : Professor Jespersen; Docent 

La ngu ages. —Semitic : Professor Buhl; Hansen. 

Docent Ostrup. Germanic (Norse, Slavonic): Profes- 

Indo-Iranian : Professor Fausboll. sors Gudmundsson, Johnsson, Mol- 

Classical : Professors Gertz, Heiberg; ler, Paludan, Verner, Wimmer ; Do- 

Docents Drachmann, Siesbye. cent Olrik. 



3° 



COPENHAGEN. 



Romance : Professor Nyrop. 
Comparative Philology : Professor 

Thomsen. 
Philosophy and Psychology : Pro- 
fessors Hoffding, Kroman, Wilkens ; 

Doce?it Lehmann. 
History : Professors Erslev, Holm, 

Steenstrup ; Decent Gudmundsson. 
Art and Archeology : Professors 

Lange, Paludan, Schmidt, J. L. Us- 

sing. 
History of Literature : Dr. Vedl. 

SCIENCE. 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
fessors Petersen, Thiele, Zeuthen. 

Physics : Professor Christiansen. 

Chemistry: Professor Jorgensen, Thom- 
sen ; Docent E. Petersen. 

Mineralogy : Professor N. V. Ussing. 

Biology : Professor Liitken ; Docents 
Bergh, Jungersen, Levinson, Meinert. 

Botany : Professors Pedersen, Warming; 
Docent Rosenvinge. 

Geography : Professor Loffler. 



LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. 

Professors Bentzon, Deuntzer, Han- 
sen, Lassen, Matzen, Scharling, Torp, 
Westergaard. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors Bjerrum, Bloch, Bohr, Chie- 
vitz, Faber, Gaedeken, Gram, Grut, Has- 
lund, Hirschsprung, Lange, Meyer, J. J. 
Petersen, Plum, Pontoppidan, Reisz, Sal- 
omonsen, Saxtorph, Sorensen, Stadfeldt, 
Studsgaard, With ; Docents Briinniche, 
Floystrup, Friedenreich, Holm, Mygge, 
Nielsen, Rosenthal, Tscherning, Wan- 
scher. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors Jacobsen, Madsen, Nielsen, 
Petersen, Scharling ; Ifistructors Paulli, 
Schepelern. 

MUSIC. 

Instructors Bielefeldt, Hammerich. 



FRANCE. 31 



FRANCE. 



Higher education in France is almost entirely under the 
control of the State. All that remained, up to 1896, of the 
old universities was certain distinct Faculties, Faculties of 
Arts (Lettres), Science, Law, Medicine and Protestant The- 
ology, both teaching and examining bodies ; these were 
united into the University of France. 

By a law passed in 1896 these corps de Facultes were re- 
constituted into smaller universities under the control of sepa- 
rate councils, the conseils de Puniversite, formed of professors 
chosen from each Faculty constituting the University, and 
in 1898 they were allowed to use for their own maintenance 
a portion of the fees paid them. 

There are Faculties of Arts and Science at Besancon, Bordeaux, Caen, Clermont, Dijon, Gren- 
oble, Lille, Lyons, Montpellier, Nancy, Paris, Poitiers, Rennes and Toulouse ; a Faculty of Arts at 
Aix and a Faculty of Science at Marseilles; Faculties of Law at Aix, Bordeaux, Caen, Dijon, Gren- 
oble, Lille, Lyons, Montpellier, Nancy, Paris, Poitiers, Rennes and Toulouse ; Faculties of Medi- 
cine at Bordeaux, Lille, Lyons, Montpellier, Nancy, Paris and Toulouse ; and Faculties of Theology 
(Protestant) at Montauban and Paris. 

In addition to these there are certain ecoles superieures , 
corresponding in some respects to American or English col- 
leges the most important of which are mentioned below (pp. 
38-45). These are all controlled by the Ministre de V In- 
struction -publique. The facultes libres at Angers, Lille, 
Lyons, Marseilles, Paris, and Toulouse and the ecoles libres 
at Lille, Nantes and Paris are more independent institutions. 

All the courses in all these Faculties and schools, with the 
exception of the cours fermes, the conferences and the prac- 
tical work are public, and open free of charge to persons of 
either sex as hearers (auditeurs) . 

Permission to attend the cours fermes, the conferences and 
the practical work is now granted to matriculated students 
only, and in order to matriculate, candidates, whether men or 



32 FRANCE. 

women, must present a diplome de V enseignement secondaire, 
or, if foreigners, an equivalent diploma, and must pay a ma- 
triculation fee of 20 frs. ($4) and a library fee of 10 frs. ($2). 
Women ma}^ become registered students (inscrites) , i. £., 
candidates for degrees, on the same conditions as men, that 
is, they must be bacheliers* de V enseignement secondaire, 
either classique or modcrne, depending on the Faculty in 
which they wish to graduate ; in the Faculties of Arts, Sci- 
ence (see p. 34), and Medicine the bachelor's degree of a 
foreign university in general qualifies for registration. The 
Faculty in which the student wishes to register enquires into 
the degree held by the student, and if the degree is accepted 
as equivalent, the student is allowed to register on payment 
of a sum equal to the amount that would have been paid in 
fees, if the student had obtained the degree from the French 
Faculty. The application for a dispensation from the French 
baccalaureat must be addressed to the Ministre de V Instruction 
flublique and must be accompanied by the original diplomas and 
certificate of birth of the applicant, together with their trans- 
lations into French made by an official translator. The dis- 
pensation, if obtained, costs 120 frs. ($24). All registered 
students must pay a fee of 30 frs. ($6) quarterly ; if at Paris, 
to the receveur des droits universitaires, quai des Grands- 
Augustins, 25 ; if in the provinces, to a receiver appointed 
by the Faculty. They must at the same time present to this 
official a bulletin de versement obtained from the secretary of 
the Faculty or School they attend. 

*The baccalaureat de V 'enseignement classique is a preliminary diploma given on the result of 
an examination, partly oral and partly written, in Latin, Greek, French, either English or German, 
history, physics, chemistry and biology, geography and elementary mathematics, and a further ex- 
amination in either philosophy or elementary mathematics. The baccalaureat de V 'enseignement 
moderne is given on a similar examination in which modern languages are substituted for Greek and 
Latin. The examinations are preliminary to the work in the Faculty and are held by the professors of 
the Faculties of Arts and Science for candidates leaving the secondary schools. These two diplo- 
mas have been recently established and take the place of the baccalaureat is lettres and the bacca- 
laureat is sciences. 



FRANCE. 33 

Each state Faculty confers, in its own subject, the state 
degrees of licencie and docteur. These degrees give cer- 
tain privileges in the way of practising professions and 
are awarded to candidates who have studied for a pre- 
scribed time and passed a series of examinations. They are 
seldom obtained by foreigners who are usually unwilling to 
spend the time necessary to obtain them. The facultes libres 
and ecoles libres give instruction but have no power to confer 
degrees. The regulations for degrees differ greatly in the 
different Faculties. In Arts and Science the licence is given 
one year after the baccalaureal and the doctorat as soon 
after the licence as the candidate has written and is prepared 
to sustain two theses. 

Attestations a" etudes suferieures or certificats d 'etudes are 
given by certain of the Faculties of Arts and Science to hear- 
ers who have attended the courses regularly. In the pro- 
vinces no requirement is made as to age, sex, nationality f 
etc., but in Paris the hearer, in order to be eligible for this 
certificate, must hold the degree of bachelier es lettres or an 
equivalent degree. 

The difilome d' etudes superieures d'/iisloire et de geographic 
of the Faculty of Arts of the Normal School is open without 
any restrictions as to age, sex, degree, or nationality. 

The new law passed in 1897 gave the conseils de V'uni- 
versite power to grant litres di'ordre exclusivement scien- 
tifique. These are distinguished from degrees in being merely 
titles granting no rights or privileges to the holders. The 
first of these to be organised is the doctorat de V Univer- 
sity de Paris, instituted in 1897-98. In the Faculty of 
Letters candidates for this degree must hold, if French- 
men, the degree of licencie es lettres or, if foreigners, certi- 
ficates showing an equal amount of preparation ; they must 
study at least four semesters, either in a French or a for- 



34 FRANCE. 

eign university, or in one of the scientific institutions in 
Paris ; they must pass an examination on subjects agreed 
upon by the Faculty and defend a thesis written in French 
or Latin. In the Faculty of Science applicants must pro- 
duce certificates of advanced work in two out of seventeen 
scientific subjects, must study for one year and must pass an 
examination and defend a thesis. In the Faculty of Medi- 
cine the degree is conferred on foreign students who have 
been allowed to study and to take the ordinary examinations 
without having first obtained the degree of bachelier. The 
degree is also given in Pharmacy. 

The examinations in the Faculty of Science have recently 
been reorganised in such a way as to give greater facilities to 
foreign students. In addition to being free to offer an equiv- 
alent for the French baccalaureat degree, the student is now 
allowed to select the subjects in which he desires to be ex- 
amined. He may take his examinations either simultane- 
ously or in succession, and obtain for each a certijicat d' 
etude. Three such certificates may be exchanged for the 
diplome de licencie. This gives the student liberty to travel 
from one university to another and present himself for exami- 
nation when he wishes. 

Though not quite all the medical courses are open to women 
it is not difficult for women doctors of medicine to obtain ad- 
mittance to the different hospitals, of which there are 24 in 
Paris alone with accommodation for upwards of 17,000 
patients. 

University libraries are open to students on presentation of 
their student's card and to all persons authorised by the rec- 
tor. The reading room of the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, 
is open to all persons over 16 years of age. To obtain ad- 
mission to the salle de travail for the study of manuscripts, a 
special card of admittance from the administrator general is 



FRANCE. 35 

required. Foreigners applying for this card should present a 
recommendation from their ambassador. 

All courses open in the beginning of November and con- 
tinue nominally for eight or nine months, in general actually 
for only six or seven. 

Hearers pay no fees, registered students pay 30 frs. ($6) 
quarterly. The library fee is 10 frs. ($2) yearly. 

Scholarships (bourses) are as a rule not open to foreigners. 
The Comite de Patronage des Etudiants Etrangers de Parts 
has, however, some scholarships of 200 frs. ($40), and 350 
frs. ($70), to offer to specially recommended students, the 
whole sum to be devoted to the payment of fees. 

Note.— English-speaking women who wish to reduce their expenses while studying in France 
may apply to he admitted as assistant teachers of foreign languages in one of the numerous training 
colleges for primary teachers. These teachers are required to give to the students (girls of from 
fifteen to twenty years of age), and to any of the teachers who may desire it, practical instruction 
in English and practice in English conversation for an hour and a half or two hours daily. For the 
rest of the time they are free to study privately, to attend lectures or employ themselves as they 
think fit. They pay into |the college funds the sum of 400 francs, ($80) and for this have a room, 
light, firing and hoard in the College for the college year, October 1st to July 31st, holidays 
included. Candidates for these posts should fill out a form of application, to he obtained from 
M. le Ministre de V Instruction publique, Direction de V Enseignement primaire , 6e bureau, 
Paris, and return it to him filled up, together with copies of certificates, etc. It is advisable to have 
these testified to by one of the American members of the Comite Franco-Americain. 

President J B. Angell, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. 

President Timothy Dwight, Yale University, New Haven. 

President Charles W. Eliot, Harvard University, Cambridge. 

President D. C. Gilman, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore. 

Mr. G. Brown Goode, Assistant Secretary U. S. National Museum, Washington (Secretary). 

Professor E. R. L. Gould, Secretary, International Statistical Institute, Chicago. 

President G. Stanley Hall, Clark University, Worcester. 

Mr. W, T. Harris, U. S. Commissioner of Education, Washington. 

Mr. S. P. Langley, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 

President Seth Low, Columbia College, New York. 

Professor Simon Newcomb, U. S. N., Superintendent Nautical Almanac, Washington (Presi- 
dent). 

President J. C. Schurman, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. 

Hon. Andrew D. White, former U. S. Minister to Germany, Ithaca, N. Y. 

President B. L. Whitman, Columbian University, Washington. 

Mr. Carroll D. Wright, Commissioner of Labor, Washington. 

Students from American universities or colleges going to study in France are allowed a reduction of 
30 per cent, on the rates of the steamers of the Compagnie generale Transatlantique. This reduction is 
not allowed to first class passengers, and can be obtained only by application to M. Paul Melon 
Secretary of the Comite de Patronage des Etudiants Etrangers at the Sorbonne. 



36 PARIS. 

Further information is to be found in the Annuaire de la 
Jeunesse by H. Vuibert (Nony et Cie, rue des Ecoles, 17, 
Paris), price 4 frs. ($.80) ; in the Annuaire de P Instruction 
Publique (Delalain freres, rue des Ecoles, 56, Paris) price 
5 frs. ($1), and in Le Livrct de V Etudiant de Paris (pub- 
lished by Delalain freres), price 11 frs. ($2.20). 

An amount of interesting and valuable information is given 
in IS Enseignement supcrieur et V Enseignement technique en 
France, by M. Paul Melon (Librairie Classique Armand 
Colin et Cie, Paris, 1893). 

Enquiries may be addressed to the Comite de Patronage 
des Etudiants Etrangers, Bureaux a la Sorbonne, rue de la 
Sorbonne, 15, Paris. This association, which has branches at 
Aix, Bordeaux, Lyons, Montpellier, Nancy and Toulouse, 
in addition to giving advice and help to individual students, 
devotes itself to furthering the interests of foreign students 
as a body. In Paris, Aix and one or two other places it has 
been instrumental in establishing courses in the French lan- 
guage especially for foreigners. Some of these are summer 
courses. 

PARIS, France. 

UNIVERSITE DE PARIS. 

The old University of Paris, founded in the Middle Ages, sur- 
vived till 1S96, in the form of the separate Faculties of Arts, 
Science, Law, Medicine and Protestant Theology, and these have 
now been reconstituted into the University of Paris. All particu- 
lars in regard to these have been given above (pp. 31-36). 

FACULTE DES LETTRES. 

The Sorbonne, Paris. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

Languages. — Classical : Professors MM. Em. Chatelain, Edet, Hau- 

Aug. Cartault, Chatelain, Croiset, vette, Lafaye, Puech. 

Decharme, Goelzer, J. Martha ; English : AIM. Baret, Al. Beljame. 



FRANCE. 



37 



Germanic : Professor Lichtenberger ; 
M. Lange. 

Romance: Professors Crousle,Gebhart, 

Lenient, Mezieres, Petit de Julle- 

ville ; MM. Dejob, Faguet, Gazier, 

Larroumet, Lichtenberger, Thomas. 

Comparative Philology : Professor 

Henry ; MM. Brunot, Havet. 
Philosophy : Professors Boutroux, Bro- 

chard, P. Janet ; MM. Egger, Seailles- 

Ransan. 



Sociology : Professors Espinas, Michel. 

History : Professors Aulard, Bouche- 
Leclercq, Lavisse, Luchaire, Ram- 
baud ; MM. Denis, Grebaut, Guiraud, 
Langlois, Seignobos, Zeller. 

Art and Archaeology : Professor Per- 
rot ; MM. Collignon, Lemonnier. 

Geography : Professors Dubois, Himly, 
Marcel ; M. Gallois. 

Pedagogy : Professor Buisson. 



FACULTE DES SCIENCES. 

The Sorbonne, Paris. 

Professors and Lecturers. 



Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
fessors Darboux, Goursat, Hadamard, 
Hermite, Picard, H. Poincare, Wolf; 
MM. Andoyer, Blutel, Koenigs, Pui- 
seux, Raffy. 

Physics : Professors Appell, Behal, 
Boussinesq, Bouty ; MM. Alph. 
Combes, Paul Janet, Jannettaz, Joly, 
Krouchkoll, Leduc, Matignon, Pellat, 
L. Perrin, Poincare, Puiseux, Riban, 
Robin. 

Chemistry : Professors Auger, Ditte, 



Friedel, Troost : MM. Chabrie, Etaix, 
Freundler, Joannis, Pechard, Riban. 

Mineralogy : Professors Hautefeuille, 
Jannetaz. 

Geology and Geography : Professor 
Munier-Chalmas ; MM. Bertrand, 
Kaug, Velain. 

Biology : Professors Bonnier, Dastre, 
Delage, Duclaux, Giard, de Lacaze- 
Duthiers; MM. Chatin, Chauveaud, 
Daguillon, Fischer, Matruchot, Perrier, 
Velain. 



FACULTE DE DROIT. 

r 

Place du Pantheon, Paris. 
Professors and Lecturers. 



Professors Alglave, Beauregard, Ber- 
thelemy, Boistel, Cauwes, Chavegrin, 
Colmet de Santerre, Cuq, Deschamps, 
Ducrocq, Esmein, Estoublon, Faure, 



Garsonnet, Gerardin, Girard, Glasson, 
Jobbe-Duval, Laine, Larnaude, Lefebvre, 
Le Poittevin, Lyon-Caen, Massigli, Leon 
Michel, Planiol, Renault, Saleilles, Thal- 
ler, Weiss ; MM. Chenon, Jay, Leseur. 



FACULTE DE MEDECINE. 

Place de l'Ecole-de-Medecine, Pans. 

Professors and Lecturers. 



MEDICINE. 

Professors'?. Berger,Blanchard, Bouch- 
ard, Brouardel, Chantemesse, Cornil, 
Debove, Dieulafoy, Duplay, Mathias 
Duval, Farabeuf, Alf. Fournier, Gariel, 
Armand Gautier, Grancher, Guyon, 



Hayem, Hutinel, Jaccoud, Joffroy, La- 
boulbene, Landouzy, Lannelongue, Le 
Dentu, Pajot, Panas, Pinard, Potain, 
Pouchet, Proust, Raymond, Richet, Sap- 
pey, Terrier, Tillaux ; MM. Ach- 
ard, Albarran, Andre, Auvray, Bar, 



3 8 PARIS. 

Baraduc, Bellan, Benoit, Bernard, Bon- Luys, Malbec, Marfan, Marie, Marion, 

naire, Bougie, Bourges, Bousquet, Brault, Martin Diirr, Mauclaire, Maugery, Mene- 

Brin, Broca, Camus, Castex, Charrin, trier, Mergier, Morau, Morin, Mulon, 

Chassevant, Chatellier, Courtillier, Critz- Nelaton, Netter, Ombredanne, Pasteau, 

man, Cuneo, Delahousse, Delbet, Paul Perret, Poirier, Potier, Proust, Rabaut, 

Delbet, Deschamps, Dujarier, Fredet, Remy, Retterer, Reynaud, Ricard, Riche, 

Gaucher, Gilbert, Gilles de la Tourette, Roger, Sandoz, Savariaud, Sebileau, 

Glantenay, Gley, Gosset, Guiart, Guibe, Therese, Thiery, Thoinot, Turner, 

Hanriot, Hartmann, Hebert, Herbet, Ju- Varnier, Veau, Vincent, Walther, Weber, 

nien-Lavillauroy, Laborde, Launois, Le- Weil, Weiss, Widal, Wurtz. 
clerc, LeFur, Legry, Leh, Lejars, Letulle, 

FACULTE DE THEOLOGIE PROTESTANTE. 

Boulevard Arago, 83, Paris. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

theology. Reville, Sabatier, Stapfer, Vaucher ; M. 

Professors Allier, Bonet-Maury, Ehr- Berger. 
hardt, Lods, Massebieau, Menegoz, J. 

FACULTES LIBRES DE PARIS. 
Rue de Vaugirard, 74, Paris. 

These are Catholic institutions giving instruction similar to that 
given by the state Faculties, but without the power to confer de- 
grees. Students who obtain their instruction from the Facultes 
librcs are examined by and obtain degrees from the state Faculties. 
The general regulations, fees, etc., are the same as for the state 
Faculties. (See pp. 31-36.) Women, however, are not admitted 
to the courses, but special courses for women have lately been ar- 
ranged in connection with the Facultes libres. 

The secretary is M.Joseph Chobert, rue de Vaugirard, 74, Paris. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

theology. gent, Pisani, Vigouroux. 

Semitic Languages : Professor Graffin. z.4/r and political science. 

Philosophy : Professors Bulliot Peil- Professors G. Alix, Bureau, Cauviere, 

laube. Ch. Chobert, Clotet, Corret, Guyot, 

Theology : Professors Auriault, de la J ame t, de Lamarzelle, Larcher, Laurent, 

Barre, Baudrillart, Boudinhon, Cler- Lescoeur, Merveilleux du Vignaux, Tau- 

val, Fillion, Gasparri, Gaudeau, Lar- diere Terrat. 

ECOLE LIBRE DE HAUTES ETUDES LITTERAIRES ET 

SCIENTIFIQUES. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

arts. Semitic : Professor le baron Carra de 

Languages. — Chinese : Professor Paul Vaux. 

Antonini. Classical : P rofessors Bertrin, Beur- 



FRANCE. 39 

lier, Boxler, Bousquet, Le Chatel- fessors D'Esclaibes, Nau ; MM. Chai- 

lier, Lejay, Ragon. Ian, Fouet. 

Romance : Professors Bertrin, Le Bi- Physics : Professor Branly. 

dois, Jacquet, Klein, Rousselot. Chemistry : Professor Haroonet. 

Philosophy : Professor Piat. Mineralogy and Geology : Professor 

History: Professors Baudrillart,Digard. de Lapparent. 

science. Geography : Professors de Lapparent, 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- risani. 

ALLIANCE FRANCAISE. 

r 

Siege Social, rue de Grenelle, 45, Paris. 

The Alliance Francaise, a national association for the propagation 
of the French language in the colonies and abroad, decided in 1893 
to organise summer courses to be held at Paris in the months of July 
and August for the purpose of assisting foreigners to obtain a knowl- 
edge of the French language. Diplomas are granted to the suc- 
cessful students ; the advanced diploma certifies that the student is 
able to teach French. The courses are open without any distinc- 
tion of age, sex or nationality. 

The lectures are divided into two series, one lasting from July 
1st to August 1st, the second from August 1st to September 1st. 

Admission to the lectures is 1 franc (20 cents) each lecture; 
admission to the conferences, held in the evening, is 50 centimes (10 
cents). A ticket admitting to the complete course of about 160 
lectures and 24 conferences is 150 francs f$3o). 

The courses are held in the Ecole Coloniale, Avenue de l'Obser- 
vatoire, pres le Petit-Luxembourg, and at the College de France. 

Professors for 189S. 

French Language and Literature: Conferences: Professors Blin, Gobron, 
Professors Berr, Brunot, Carl, Cirot, Guy, Huguet, Martin, Minel, Peyraffite, 

Clement, Debidour, Doumic, Huguet, Tridon, Turman Vermeulen, Mile. 

Jacquinet, Raguet, Rousselot, Roy, Dequin and others. 

Texte, Thalamas, Zund-Burguet. 

COLLEGE DE FRANCE. 
Place du College de France, 1, Paris. 

This college, open to women since its foundation in 1518—45, 
gives instruction in Arts, Science and Medicine, but confers no 
degrees. Students desiring certificates of attendance should register 
their courses. 



4° 



FAR IS. 



The first semester begins on the first Monday in December; the 
second semester begins in the week after Easter and ends between 
the 20th and 30th of July. 

All the courses are free. 

The secretary is M. Abel Lefranc. 

Professors and Lecturers. 



ARTS. 

Languages. — Chinese and Tartar : 

Professors Chavannes, Courant. 

Semitic : Professors Barbier de Mey- 

nard, Berger, Duval, Houdas, Mas- 

pero, Oppert. 

Indo-Iranian : Professors Foucher, 

Levi. 
Classical: Professors Boissier,Croiset, 

Havet. 
Germanic : Professor Chuquet. 
Slavonic : Professor Leger. 
Romance: Professors d'Arboisde Ju- 
bainville, Deschanel, Meyer, Gaston 
Paris ; M. Morel-Fatio. 
Comparative Philology : Professor 

Break 
Philosophy: Professors Leveque, Nou- 
risson, Ribot, Tannery, Thamin ; AI. 
Bergson. 
History of Religions : Professor Re- 

ville. 
Political Science : Professors Flach, 



Leroy-Beaulieu, Izoulet, Levasseur, 
Longnon. 
Art and Archeology : Professors 
Cagnat, Clermont-Ganneau, Foucart, 
Guillaume, Maspero, Oppert ; AI. La- 
fenestre. 

SCIENCE. 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
fessors Jordan, Levy; MAI. Hadamard, 
Koenigs. 

Physics : Professors Angot, Bertrand, 
Brillouin, Mascart ; M. Deprez. 

Chemistry : Professors Andre, Berthe- 
lot, Le Chatelier, Schiitzenberger. 

Geology and Geography : Professors 
Fouque, Longnon. 

Biology : Professors Balbiani, Henne- 
guy, Marey ; M. Franck. 

General History of the Sciences: 
Professor Lafitte. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors d'Arsonval, Ranvier ; AI. 
Charrin. 



COLLEGE LIBRE DES SCIENCES SOCIALES. 
Rue de Tournon, 8, Paris. 

The object of this college, founded in 1896, is to provide in- 
struction in Economic and Social Science. Anyone is admitted 
on paying the registration fee of 30 fr. ($6). The courses begin 
in November, and the lectures are held in the afternoon and -even- 
ing. 

A certificat d'et tides societies is given by the director to any 
student who writes a thesis and obtains certificates from three pro- 
fessors. The professors are well-known men and each is respon- 
sible frr his own subject. 

For further information apply to the Secretary, rue de Tournon, 
8, Paris. 



FRANCE. 41 

Professors and Lecturers. 

political science. Maroussem, du Mesnil, Metin, de Pascal, 

MM. Andler, Barrat, Bertillon, Brun- Paulalion, Revelin, Saleilles, Seignobos, 

lies, Dalle, Dauriac, Delaire, Delbet, Du- Strauss, Tarbouriech, Tarde, Turmann, 

fourmantelle, Fontaine, Kelles-Krauz, Wahl, Weber. 
Kovalevsky, Lichtenberger, Marin, du 

ECOLE DU LOUVRE. 
The Louvre, Cour Lefuel (ancienne Cour Coulaincourt), Paris. 

The object of this school is to give instruction in regard to the 
collections in the Louvre and to educate librarians and custodians 
in the history of art and archaeology. The instruction is given in 
the form of conferences. 

Regular students and hearers are admitted on application to the 
secretary of the school (pavilion de la Horloge an Louvre'), from 
whom cards of admission can be obtained. 

The full course lasts three years, the lectures in each year begin- 
ning in the first week of December and ending about the 15th of 
June. 

All the lectures are free. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

Archeology: Professors Bertrand, Heu- History of Art: Professors Lafen- 
zey, Pierret, Pottier, Reinach. estre, Michel, Molinier. 

Inscriptions : MM. Ledrain, Revillout. 

ECOLE LIBRE DES SCIENCES POLITIQUES. 
Rue Saint Guillaume, 27, Paris. 

This school is established for the training of diplomatists, con- 
suls, ambassadors, etc., in administration, finance and kindred sub- 
jects. 

Students and hearers are admitted without a degree and without 
undergoing any examination. The number of men students is so 
great that it has been found impossible to admit women to the lec- 
tures or even to the libraries and reading rooms of the school. 

The academic year begins in the second week of November and 
ends on June 8th. 

The general secretary is M. Ch. Dupuis, rue Saint Guillaume, 
27, Paris 



42 PARIS. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

Administration : Professors Alix, le International Law : Professors Du- 

Vavasseur de Precourt, Romieu. puis, Renault. 

Finance : Professors Arnaune, Bou- History of Diplomatics and of Pub- 

langer, de Colonjon, Courtin, Des Lie Opinion : Professors Bourgeois, 

Essarts, Levy, Plaffain, Rene Stourra. Funck-Brentano, Levy-Briihl, Koech- 

Commercial and Statistic Geogra- lin, Christian Schefer, Sorel, Vandal. 

phy : Professors de Foville, Levasseur, CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY : Professors 

Viallate, Zolla. Benoist, Dietz, Andre Lebon. 

Pi ilitical and Social Economy : Pro- Modern Europe : Professors Bourgeois, 

fessors Cheysson, Dunoyer. Halevy, Leroy-Beaulieu. 

Legislation : Professors Lyon-Caen, Colonial Questions : Professors Chail- 

Dietz, Flach, Paulet, Romieu. ley-Bert, Cordier, Houdas, Pelet, 

Geography and Ethnography : Pro- Schefer, Silvestre, Vandal, Wilhelm. 

fessors Gaidoz, Pelet. Modern Languages : Professors Cart, 

Geography and Military Organ- Houdas, Leger, Morel. 

isation : MM. le Commandant Leb- Hygiene : Professor Fleury. 

lond, Malleterre. Law : Professor Tarde. 

ECOLE NATIONALE DES CHARTES. 
Rue de la Sorbonne, 17, Paris. 

The object of this school is to prepare students for the position of 
public librarians and keepers of archives. French students are ad- 
mitted on the results of a competitive examination; foreigners are 
admitted on presenting a diploma equivalent to that of the bachelier 
es lettres. The number of French students is limited to 20. 

Students who have taken the three years' course and passed each 
of the two examinations in each year, and presented a satisfactory 
thesis, obtain a diploma (^diplome d' archiviste paleographe). 
Women are admitted to the school as hearers {atiditrices libres~) 
on registering their names at the secretary's office. The use of the 
library is a privilege reserved for regular students. 

The academic year begins in the first week of November and 
lasts till the first of July. 

All the courses are public and free. 

For information apply to the secretary, Ecole des Chartes, rue 
de la Sorbonne, 17, Paris. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

Romance Philology : Professor Paul History : Professors Molinier, Viollet. 

Meyer. Archeology : Professor de Lasteyrie ; 

Bibliography : M. Mortet. M. Enlart. 

Diplomatics : Professor Giry. Paleography : Professor Berger. 

Political Institutions : Professor Roy. Archives: M. Desjardins. 



FRANCE. 43 

ECOLE PRATIQUE DES HAUTES ETUDES. 

The object of this institution, which was founded in 1868, is to 
provide opportunities for practical work in connection with the 
lectures given at the College de France, the Sorbonne, the Museum 
d'histoire naturelle, the Faculty of Medicine, etc. The courses of 
the school are held at these various institutions, and the laboratories 
for the purposes of instruction and research are situated in various 
parts of Paris and at different places on the coast (Villefranche, 
Wimereux, Marseilles, Cette, Roscoff, Banyuls-sur-Mer). 

The courses are open free without any restrictions as to age, de- 
gree, or nationality ; but a year's probation is necessary before the 
title of eleve titulaire is conferred. Certain professors reserve the 
right of refusing to admit women to their classes, but with the ex- 
ception of a few hospital courses, practically all are open to women. 

There are five independently organised sections, the second and 
third of which (those of Physics, Chemistry and Natural Science), 
consist entirely of laboratory courses. 

It is intended that students should attend the courses for three 
years. The academic year begins on the 1st of November and 
ends on the 30th of June. 

Enquiries should be addressed to the Secretariat de la Faculte 
des Sciences, a la Sorbonne. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

first section: mathematical Mineralogical Laboratories :_ Direc- 

sciences t° rs MM. Hautefeuille, Lacroix, Per- 

Professors Hermite, Koenigs, Puiseux, rey. 
Raffy. 

3 THIRD SECTION'. NATURAL SCIENCES. 

SECOND SECTION: PHYSICO-CHEMICAL 

■ sciences. Botanical Laboratories : Directors 

(The courses in this and the following section MM. Bonnier (Paris and Fountaine- 

are all laboratory courses.) bleau), Bureau, Chauveaud, Dufour, 

Physical Laboratories : Directors Van-Tieghem; Assistants MM. Fran- 

MM. Bouty, Brillouin, Lippmann, cet, Hua, Jolly, Poisson. 

Maneuvrier, Violle ; Assistants MM. Laboratory of Biological Physics : 

Abraham, Guillard, Guillet. Directors MM. d'Arsonval, Henocque; 

Chemical Laboratories : Directors Assistants MM. Guyon, Roussy. 

MM. Berthelot, Didier, Duclaux, Frie- Anatomical Laboratory : Directors 

del, Gernez, Moissan, Pechard, Troost; MM. Beauregard, Filhol ; Assistant 

Assistants MM. Brion, Burais, Cham- M. Saint-Loup. 

berland, Charon, Job, Martin, Mesnil, Physiological Laboratories : Direc- 

Mourlot, Pottevin, Roux, Valeur. tors MM. Dastre, Francois-Franck, 



44 



PARIS. 



Grehant, Marey ; Assistants MM. 
Arthaud, Hallion, Lamy. 

Zoological Laboratories : Directors 
MM. d'Arsonval (Concarneau), Bar- 
rois ( Villefranche ) , Delage, Girard 
(Wimereux), Lacaze-Duthiers (Paris, 
Roscoff and Banyuls-Sur-Mer), Mar- 
ion (Marseilles I, Milne-Edwards, 
Oustalet, Perrier, Sabatier (Cette); 
Assistants MM. Bernard, Bordas, 
Brumpt, Lepine, Roche. 

Medical Laboratories : Directors 
MM. Charrin, de la Chavanne, Javal, 
Laborde, Tscherning ; Assistants 
MM. Manouvrier, Papillant. 

Histological Laboratory : Directors 
MM. Malassez, Ranvier ; Assistant 
M. Jolly. 

Psychological Laboratory : Direc- 
tors MM. Binet, Henry ; Assistants 
MM. Courtier, Philippe. 

Geological Laboratories : Directors 
MM. Fouque, Gosselet (Lille), Mu- 
nier-Chalmas, Riviere ; Assistant M. 
Glangeaud. 

FOURTH SECTION: HISTORICAL AND PHIL- 
OLOGICAL SCIENCES. 

(Office and Lecture Room at the University 
Library, The Sorbonne. ) 

Languages. — Ethiopian and Himy- 
ARITE : M. Halevy. 



Arabic : M. Derenbourg. 

Semitic : M. Carriere. 

Sanskrit, Zend : MM. Blochet, 
Finot, S. Levi, Meillet, Specht. 

Modern Greek : M. Psichari. 

Romance : MM. Gardoz, Gillieron, 
Morel-Fatio, Thomas, Paris. 
Comparative Philology : MM. Du- 

vau, Meillet. 
Classical Philology and Arche- 
ology : MM. Chatelain, Desrous- 

seaux, Haussoulier, Jacob, Lebegue, 

de Nolhac, de Villefosse. 
Assyrian, Egyptian and Oriental 

Philology and Archeology : MM. 

Clermont-Ganneau, Guieysse, Mas- 

pero, Scheil. 
Philosophy : M. Soury. 
History : MM. Bemont, Giry, Monod, 

Reuss, Roy. 

FIFTH SECTION: RELIGIOUS SCIENCES. 

(Office and Lecture Room at the University 
Library, The Sorbonne.) 

Theology: MM. Amelineau, Berthe- 
lot, Deramey, Derenbourg, Esmein, de 
Faye, Foucher, I. Levi, Marillier, Pi- 
cavet, A. Quentin, G. Raynaud, Al- 
bert Reville, Jean Reville, de Rosny, 
Sabatier, Vernes. 



ECOLE SPECIALE DES LANGUES ORIENTALES VIVANTES. 
Rue de Lille, 2, Paris. 

The object of this school, founded in 1795, is to give instruction 
in modern oriental languages for political and commercial purposes. 

Regular students must be bacheliers es scie?ices or es lettres, be- 
tween 16 and 24 years of age, and of French nationality. Excep- 
tions are sometimes made in respect to age and nationality. 

The courses and diploma {diplome d' eleve brevete) are open to 
women. 

The lectures begin early in November and the course lasts three 
years. 

All the lectures are public; the fees are 50 fr. ($10) a semester. 

For further information apply to the secretary, rue de Lille, 2, 
Paris. 



FRANCE. 45 

Professors and Lecturers. 

Oriental Languages : Professors Bo- nid, Kalpakdjian, Lorgeou, Marre 

net, Boyer, Carriere, Cordier, Deren- Mondon-Vidailhet, Aboul Nasr, Oda, 

bourg, Deveria, Houdas, Huart, Pernot, Ramisiray, Ravaisse, Lien 

Legrand, Barbier de Meynard, Picot, Young. 
Leon de Rosny, Vinson ; MM. Dur- 

MUSEUM D' HISTOIRE NATURELLE. 
Jardin des Plantes, rue Cuvier, 57, Paris. 

The Museum d' histoire naturelle was founded in 1626 for the 
purpose of making scientific collections and for research. Each 
department is in the charge of a professor, and each professor is 
obliged to give forty public lectures yearly on the subject with 
which his department deals. 

The courses are unconditionally open to the public. Regular 
hearers, by producing certificates of attendance from the professors, 
may obtain cards which give them access for a year to the galleries 
and collections. For the conferences and practical work, registra- 
tion is required, but diplomas are not necessary. Botanical and 
entomological excursions into the country are arranged weekly dur- 
ing the summer months. Lectures begin on April 27th. 

Secretary, M. H. Chatelain, Museum d' Histoire Naturelle, 
Jardin des Plantes, rue Cuvier, 57, Paris. 

Professors and Assistants. 

Physics: Professor Becquerel ; M. Ber- Vaillant, Van-Tieghem; MM. Bernard, 

thelot. Beauregard, Brongniart, Gervais, Gley, 

Chemistry : Professor Amaud; M. Bour- Kunckel d'Herculais, Mocquard, Mo- 

geois. rot, Oustalet, Poisson, Renault, Roux, 

Mineralogy : Professor Lacroix ; M. Sauvinet, Tremeau de Rocbebrune, 

Jannettaz. Verneau. 

Geology and Geography : Professors Agriculture : Professor Cornu ; M. 

Gaudry, Meunier; MM. Boule, Ra- Bois. 

mond. Pathology : Professor Chauveau ; M. 

Biology : Professors Bouvier, Bureau, Pbisalix. 

Deherain, Filhol, Grebant, Hamy, Drawing : M. Fremiet, Mme. Lemaire. 

Maquenne, Milne-Edwards, Perrier, 

THE FRENCH PROVINCES. 

The following is a list of the professors in the different Facultes 
of the French provinces. The organisation of these Facultes is 
exactly the same as at Paris, and is described on pp. 31-36. 



4 6 AIX. 

AIX, France. 
UNIVERSITE D'AIX-MARSEILLE. 

This university, dating from the 13th century, comprises the Fac- 
ulties of Arts and Law, situated at Aix, and the Faculties of Sci- 
ence, Law and Medicine at Marseilles. 

There is a branch of the Comtte de Patronage des Etudiants 
Strangers at Aix, and by its means courses in French language 
and literature especially for foreigners have been arranged. 

FACULTE DES LETTRES D'AIX. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

arts. Literature : Professor Joret. 

Languages. — Semitic : M. Duranti de Philosophy : Professor Blondel. 

La Calade. Political Economy : MM. Masson, C. 
Classical : Professor Constans ; MM. Perreau. 

Brenous, de Ridder. History : Professors Clerc, Guibal. 

Romance : Professors Constans, Du- Archaeology : M. de Ridder. 

cros ; M. Bonafous. Geography : M. Girbal. 

FACULTE DE DROIT D'AIX. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

Political Science : Professor Jourdan ; Bry, Jourdan, Lacoste, Moreau, Pison, 

M. C. Perreau. Vermond ; MM. Cesar-Bra, C. Perreau, 

LAJI r m E. Perreau, de Pitti-Ferrandi, Thelohan. 

Professors Audinet, Bouvier-Bangillon, 

FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE MARSEILLE. 

Connected with this Faculty is the Marine Zoological Laboratory 
at Endoume and a large astronomical observatory. Supplementary 
courses are given by the professors of the Faculte des Lett res 

d'Aix. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

science Mineralogy : Professor Vasseur. 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Geology : Professor Vasseur. 
fessors Charve, Sauvage, Stephan ; M. Bl °££ Y > Pro fi sso T s Meckel, Marion; 
y T ' e> > f > MM. Gourret, Jourdan, Jumelle, Le- 

PHYSICS : Professors Mace de Lepinay, , § er ' Va Y ssi ere. 

Perot; MM. Fabry, Repelin, Vays- Agriculture: Professor Pauchon. 

siere. LAlv - 

Chemistry : Professors Duvillier, Re- Professors Bouvier-Bangillon, de Pitti- 

boul ; MM. Berg, Perdrix. Ferrandi. 



FRANCE. 47 

ECOLE DE ME'DECINE ET DE PHARMACIE DE PLEIN 
EXERCICE DE MARSEILLE. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors Arnaud,^Boinet, Bouisson, Queirel, Rietsch, Vigneron, Villard, Vil- 

Caillol de Poncy, Chapplain, Combalat, leneuve ; MM. Alezais, Berg, Carriere, 

Domergue, Fallot, Gourret, Heckel, Delanglade, Gerber, Laplane, Roux fils. 
Jourdan, Laget, Livon, Magon, Nepveu, 

FACULTE MARSEILLAISE LIBRE DE DROIT. 

This Faculty was founded in 1881. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

Political Science : Professor Peyron ; enger, de Bevotte, Berlier de Vauplane, 
M. Henrion. David, Emile Fabre, Eugene Fabre, 

Martin, Peyron, P. Rolland, Rolland- 
LAlv - Chevillon, Tassy, Thumin, Vial; MM. 

Professors Aicard, Alphandery, Au- Charlois, Gravier. 
tran, Bally, Barreme, Bedarride, Ber- 

BESANCON, France. 

UNIVERSITE DE BESANCON. 

This is a small university, founded in 1422, comprising Faculties 
of Arts and Science and a Preparatory School of Medicine. Total 
number of students, 197. 

FACULTE DES LETTRES DE BESANCON. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

arts. Literature : Professors Boucher, Nag- 
Languages : — Classical: Professor Na- eotte. 

geotte ; MM. Charrot, Vernier. Philosophy : Professor Colsenet. 

Germanic : M. Kontz. History and Geography : Professors 
Romance : Professor Droz. Guiraud, Pingaud. 

FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE BESANCON. 
Professors and Lecturers. 

SCIENCE. 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Mineralogy and Geology : Professor 

fessors Gruey, Saint- Loup, Stouff. Fournier. 

Physics : Professor Joubin. Biology : Professors Charbonnel- Salle, 

Chemistry : Professor Boutroux ; M. Magnin. 

Genvresse. 



48 BORDEAUX. 

ECOLE PREPARATOIRE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE 
DE BESANCON. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

medicine. Prieur, Roland, Saillard, Thouvenin ; 

Professors Boisson, Bolot, Chapoy, MM. Bruchon, Colleatte, Morin. 
Gauderon, Heitz, Magnin, Mandereau, 

BORDEAUX, France. 
UNIVERSITE DE BORDEAUX. 

This university, founded in 1441, comprises Faculties of Arts, 
Science, Law, Medicine and Pharmacy. In addition to the usual 
laboratories and museums, there is a School of Chemistry Applied 
to Manufacturers and Agriculture, a School of Industrial Electricity, 
an Astronomical and Meteorological Observatory at Florae, and a 
Zoological Laboratory at Arcachon. 

There is a branch of the Comite dc Patronage des Etudiants 
Etrangers in Bordeaux, secretary, Professor Duguit. 

FACULTE DES LETTRES DE BORDEAUX. 
Professors and Lecturers. 

arts. Philosophy : Professor Espinas ; MM. 

Languages. — Classical : Professors Hamelin, Rodier. 

Ouvre, Waltz; MM. Cirot, de la Sociology: Professor Durkheim. 

Ville de Mirmont, Masqueray, Zy- History : Professors Denis, Imbart de 

romski. l a Tour, Jullian, Radet ; MM. Bouvy, 

English : M. Biard. Marion. 

Germanic : M. Rouge. Art and Archaeology : Professor 

Romance : Professors Bourcier, Stap- Paris ; M. Bouvy. 

fer • M. Le Breton. Geography : Professor Gebelin ; M. 

Literature : Professor de Treverret. Lorin. 

Comparative Philology : M. Mas- Pedagogy : M. Durkheim. 
queray. 

FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE BORDEAUX. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

science. MM. Dubourg, Gravel, Vezes, Vig- 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- ouroux. 

fessors Brunei, Rayet ; MM. Brunei, Mineralogy: Professor Fallot; M. 

Giraud, Picart, de Tannenberg. Goguel. 

Physics : Professors Duhem, Morisot ; Geology : Professor Fallot. 

MM. Gossart, Marcbis. Biology : Professors Millardet, Perez ; 

Chemistry : Professors Gayon, Joannis ; MM. Devaux, Kunstler. 



FRANCE. 49 



FACULTE DE DROIT DE BORDEAUX. 
Professors and Lecturers. 

Political Science : MM. Benzacar, Didier, Duguit, Le Coq, Levillain, de 

Sauvaire-Jourdan. Loynes, Marandout, Monnier, Saignat, 

Law : Professors Barckhausen, Baudry- Vigneaux. 
Lacantinerie, de Boeck, Despagnet, 

FACULTE MIXTE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE DE 
BORDEAUX. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

medicine. Moussous pere, de Nabias, Picot, Pie- 

Professors Arnozan, Badal, Bergonie, chaud, Pitres, Vergely, Viault ; MM. 

Blarez, Boursier, Bouchard, Coyne, De- Leniges, Denuce, Dubreuilh, Moure, 

mons, Ferre, Figuier, Guillaud, Jolyet, Moussous fils, Pousson, Regis, Riviere. 

Lanelongue, Layet, Masse, Morache, 



CAEN, France. 

UNIVERSITE DE CAEN. 

This university, founded in 1437, comprises Faculties of Arts, 
Science, Law, and a Preparatory School of Medicine and Phar- 
macy. There is a Marine Laboratory at Luc-sur-Mer, open all the 
year. 

FACULTE DES LETTRES DE CAEN. 
Professors and Lecturers. 

arts. Philosophy : Professor Mabilleau ; M. 

Languages. — Classical: Professors Le- Couturat. 

hanneur, Lemercier ; M. Renel. History : Professor Tessier ; M. Tou- 

English : M. Barbeau. tain. 

Romance : Professor Gaste ; M. Art : Professor Gaste. 

Souriau. Science and Geography : M. Camena 

Comparative Philology : M. Huguet. d'Almeida. 

FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE CAEN. 
Professors and Lecturers. 

SCIENCE. 

Mathematics and Astronomy: Pro- Chemistry: Professor 'Louise; M. Bes- 

fessors Riquier, de Saint-Germain ; M. son. 

Lelieuvre. Geology : Professor Bigot. 

Physics: Professor Neyreneuf; M. Biology: iVo/m07-j Joyeux-Laffuie, Lig- 

Guinchant. nier; MM. Huet, Leger. 



50 CLERMONT-FERRAND. 

FACULTE DE DROIT DE CAEN. 
Professors and Lecturers. 

Political Science : Professor Villey ; Carel, Colin, Danjon, Debray, Gauckler, 

M. Rene Worms. Guillouard, Laisne-Deshayes, Lebret, 

LAJV , Le P\ir, Marie, Toutain, Villey ; M. 

Professors Biville, Bouvier, Cabouat, Ambroise Colin. 

ECOLE PREPARATOIRE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE 

DE CAEN. 
Professors and Lecturers. 

medicine. rais, Gidon, Guillet, Louise, Moutier, 

Professors Auvray, Barette, Catois, Noury, Pihier ; MM. Besson, Chevrel, 
Charbonnier, Demerliac, Fayel-Deslong- Gosselin, Osmont, Vigot. 

CLBRMOXT-FERRAXD, France. 

UNIVERSITE DE CLERMONT. 

This is a small university, founded in 1S0S, comprising Faculties 
of Arts and Science, and a Preparatory School of Medicine and 
Pharmacy. Total number of students, 179. 

FACULTE DES LETTRES DE CLERMONT. 
Professors and Lecturers. 

ARTS. 

Languages. — Classical : Professor Philosophy : Professor Joyau. 

Baron ; M. Audollent. History : Professors Desdevises du De- 

English : M. Mahieu. zert, Hauser ; M. Rouchon. 

Romance: Professor des Essarts ; M. Paleography: M. Rouchon. 

Leclerc. Geography : Professor Desdevises du 

Literature : Professor Ehrhard. Dezert. 
Comparative Philology : M. Colar- 
deau. 

FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE CLERMONT. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

science. Chemistry : Professor Parmentier ; M. 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Duboin. 

fessor Pellet ; M. Le Cordier. Mineralogy and Geology : Professor 

Physics : Professors Guichard, Hurian ; Julien. 

M. Lugol. Biology : Professors Girod, Poirier. 

ECOLE PREPARATOIRE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE 

DE CLERMONT. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

medicine. petit, Planchard, Rocher, Tixier, Tru- 

Professors Bardier, Bousquet, Dourif, chot ; MM. Bide, Bruyant, Gros, La- 
Fouriaux, Gagnon, Girod, Huguet, Le- font, Maurin, Mosnier. 



FRANCE. 51 

DIJON, France. 

UNIVERSITE DE DIJON. 

This university, founded in 1722, comprises Faculties of Arts, 
Science and Law, and a Preparatory School of Medicine and Phar- 
macy. Total number of students, 594. 

FACULTE DES LETTRES DE DIJON. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

arts. Comparative Philology: M. Lambert. 

Languages. — Classical: Professors Do- Philosophy : Professor Boirac. 

rison, Royer. ___ ^ History : Professor Gaffarel ; MM. 

Romance : MM. Lame, Roy. Kleinclausz, Stouff. 

Literature : Professor Legras. Geography : Professor Gaffarel. 

FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE DIJON. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

science. Physics : MM. Bagard, Brunhes. 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Mineralogy and Geology : Professor 

fessors Duport, Meray. Collot. 

Chemistry : Professor Recoura ; M. Biology : Professors Emery, Jobert ; M. 

Pigeon. Bataillon. 

FACULTE DE DROIT DE DIJON. 
Professors and Lecturers. 

Political Science : Professor Mongin ; de-Suze, Gaudemet, Geny, Louis- 

M. Truchy. Lucas, Renardet, Roux, Tissier ; MM. 

Law : Professors Bailly, Bonneville, Mongin, Moulin, Stouff. 
Deslandres, Desserteaux, Duverdier- 

ECOLE PREPARATOIRE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE 

DE DIJON. 
Professors and Lecturers. 

medicine. set, Parizot, Pauffard, Pigeon, Tarnier, 

Professors Broussolle, Brunhes, Col- Viallanes ; MM. Bellier, Bonnabeaud, 
lette, Deroye, Gautrelet, Laguesse, Mis- Cottin, Dubard, Lagoutte, Vincent. 

GRENOBLE, France. 

UNIVERSITE DE GRENOBLE. 

This university, founded in 1339, comprises the Faculties of Arts, 
Science and Law, and a preparatory School of Medicine and Phar- 
macy. The number of students is 499. 

The Comite de Patronage des Etzidiants Strangers organised 



52 LILLE. 

in 189S a holiday course in French language, literature and history, 
especially for foreigners. The course consists of daily lectures and 
conferences and lasts from July 1st to October 31st, but students 
may attend for one month only. The fees for lectures for four 
weeks are 20 fr. ($4), for the four months 50 fr. ($10). For further 
particulars apply to M. Marcel Reymond, place de la Constitu- 
tion, 4, Grenoble. 

FACULTE DES LETTRES DE GRENOBLE. 
Professors and Lecturers. 

ARTS. 

Languages. — Classics : Professors Ber- Literature : Professor Besson. 

trand, Dugit; MM. Bardot, Chabert. Philosophy: Professor Dumesnil. 

English : M. Mathias. History and Geography : Professor 
Romance : Professor Morillot ; M. de Crozals. 

Hauvette. 

FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE GRENOBLE. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

science. Chemistry : Professor Raoult ; M. Cha- 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- vastelon. 

fessors Astor, Collet ; M. Cousin. Mineralogy and Geology : Professor 

Physics : Professor Pionchon ; M. Beau- Kilian. 

lard. Biology : Professors Lachmann, Pruvot. 

FACULTE DE DROIT DE GRENOBLE. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

Political Science : M. Reboud. Gueymard, de Lapradelle, Michoud, 

Law : Professors Balleydier, Beaudouin, Pillet, Tartari, Testoud ; MM. Cuche, 

Beudant, Capitant, Fournier, Guetat, Hitier. 

ECOLE PREPARATOIRE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE 

DE GRENOBLE. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

medicine. batut, Nicolas, Pegoud, Pionchon, Porte, 

Professors Allard, Berlioz, Bordier, Turel, Verne ; MM. Baboin, Cibert, Des- 

Douillet, Flandrin, Gallois, Girard, La- champs, G. Dodero, D. Dodero, Salva. 

LILLE, France. 

UNIVERSITE DE LILLE. 
This is a large university, founded in 1808, and comprises Facul- 
ties of Arts, Science, Law and Medicine ; there are also free or 



FRANCE. 



53 



Catholic Faculties in the same subjects, and a Faculty of Catholic 
Theology. 

FACULTE DES LETTRES DE LILLE. 
Professors and Lecturers. 

ARTS. 

Languages. — Classical : Professors 

Dufour, Thomas ; MM. Chamard, 

Couvreur, Dautremer, Fougeres. 
English : Professor Angellier ; MM. 

Chevrillon, Derocquigny. 
Germanic : Professor Pinloche. 
Romance : Professors Dupont, Lang- 

lois, Moy. 



Slavonic : M. Haumant. 
Philosophy : Professor Penjon ; M. 

Lefevre. 
History : Professors Fabre, Flammer- 

mont; M. Petit-Dutaillis. 
Archeology : M. Fougeres. 
Geography : Professor Ardaillon. 



FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE LILLE. 
Professors and Lecturers. 

SCIENCE. 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
fessors Demartres, Petot, Souillart ; 
MM. Pade, Thybaut. 

Physics : Professor Damien ; MM. Ca- 
michel, Swyngedauw. 

Chemistry : Professors Buisine, Willm ; 
M. Pelabon. 



Mineralogy : Professor Gosselet. 
Geology : Professor Gosselet ; M. Bar- 

rois. 
Biology : Professors Betrand, Hallez ; 

MM. Prouho, Queva. 
Agriculture : Professor Buisine. 



FACULTE DE DROIT DE LILLE. 
Professors and Lecturers. 



Political Science: Professor Bomgmn. 

Law : Professors Bourguin, Collinet, 

Drumel, Feder, de Folleville, Garcon, 



Jacquey, Lacour, Mouchet, Vallas, 
Wahl ; MM. Jacquelin, Margat, Pel- 
tier. 



FACULTE MIXTE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE 
DE LILLE. 



Professors and Lecturers. 



MEDICINE. 



Professors Barrois, Baudry, Calmette, 
Castiaux, Charmed, Combemale, Curtis, 
Debierre, Doumer, Dubar, Folet, Gaul- 



ard, Laguesse, Lambling, de Lapersonne, 
Lemoine, Leroy, Lescoeur, Lotar, 
Moniez, Morelle, Surmont, Wertheimer ; 
MAI. Ausset, Carlier, Qui, Phocas. 



FACULTE LIBRE DES LETTRES DE LILLE. 
Professors and Lecturers. 



Languages. — Classical : Professors 
Herengt, Rambure. 
Romance : Professor Charaux. 
Literature: Professors Gahide, Looten. 
Rhetoric : Professor Baunard. 



Comparative Philology : Professor 

Cliquennois. 
Philosophy : Professor de Margerie. 
History and Geography : Professoi 

Canet. 



54 L YONS. 

FACULTE LIBRE DES SCIENCES DE LILLE. 
Professors and Lecturers. 

SCIENCE. 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Mineralogy and Geology : Professor 

fessors de Salvert, Villie ; M. Stoffaes. Bourgeat. 

Physics : Professors Delenser, Witz. Biology : Professors Boulay, Maurice, 

Chemistry : Professor Schmitt. Van-Oye. 

FACULTE LIBRE DE DROIT DE LILLE. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

Political Science : Professor Bechaux. Selosse, Trolley de Prevaux, Van- 

Law : Professors Arthaud, de Corbie, laer, de Vareilles-Sommieres ; MM. 

Delachenal, Duthoit, Gand, Groussau, Boissard, Cavrois, Duquesne, Maurice 

Lamache, Moureau, Ory, Pillet, Rothe, Vanlaer. 

FACULTE LIBRE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE 
DE LILLE. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

medicine. Faucon, Guermonprez, Lemiere, Le- 

Professors Augier, Baltus, Bernard, noble, Lienhart, Monnet, Rfcdier, Rogie, 

Bouchaud, Boulay, Carrez, Delassus, Schmitt, Thilliez, Toison, Voituriez, 

Desplats, Dujardin, Duret, Eustache, Witz. 

FACULTE LIBRE DE THEOLOGIE DE LILLE. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

Theology : Professors Baunard, Chollet, Didiot, Moureau, Pannier, Pillet, Quilliet, 
Rohart, Salembier. 

LYONS, France. 

UNIVERSITE DE LYON. 

This university, founded in 1S0S, is large and important, com- 
prising state faculties of Arts, Science, Law, and a Faculty of Medi- 
cine, founded in 1876, which, with its large hospitals and excellent 
laboratories, is second only to that of Paris. There are also Catho- 
lic Faculties of Arts, Science, Law and Theology, situated at 
Lyons. 

A branch of the Comitc de Patronage des Etudiants Mtrangers 
has been formed at Lyons: secretary, Professor Thallers. 



FRANCE. 55 

FACULTE DES LETTRES DE LYON. 
Professors and Lecturers. 

Comparative Philology : Professor 
, T ' „ , Reenaud ; M. Durand. 

Languages.— Indo-Iranian: Professor p HIL ° SOPHY . Pro f essor Bertrand ; M. 
Regnaud. Hannequin. 

Classical : Professors Allegve, Fabia, HlST0RY H . MM Mariejol, Waddington. 
Jullien ; M Legrand. Art and Arch ^ ology . Professors 

English: M. Legouis. Bloch Coville ^^ ciedat, Hol- 

Germanic : ^. Gruber leaux, Legrand, Loret. 

Romance: Professors Ciedat, Fon- Egypto ' logy . ^. M oret. 

tame; M. lexte. Geography: ^Of. Deperet, Schirmer. 

Literature : ^/m.n Firmery, Texte; Ethnology . Mm chantre. 
iK Maigron. Pedagogy : M. Chabot. 

FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE LYON. 
Professors and Lecturers. 

Chemistry: Professors Barbier, Vignon ; 
f „ 7J/.M Bouveault, Couturier. 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- MlNERAL0GY . Frofessor Offret. 
fessors Andre, Flamme, Lafon, Ves- Geology . iv^wor Deperet; ilf. 
siot ; MM. Autonne, Cartan, Gonnes- -p. xam ; 

t, siat - „ , „ , ,, , -o Biology : Professors Dubois, Gerard, 

Physics: Professor Gouy; MM. Busquet, K oebler ; MM. Caullery, Sauvageau. 

Houllevigue, Lienard. Agriculture : Professor Vignon. 

FACULTE DE DROIT DE LYON. 
Professors and Lecturers. 

Political Economy : Professors Rougier, bendy, Flurer, Garraud, Mabire, Pic; 

Soucbon. MM. Jean Appleton, Bonnecarrere, 

Law: Professors Cb. Appleton, Audibert, Bouvier, Galland, Lacassogne, Lam- 

Bartin, Bertbelemy, Caillemer, Co- bert, Lameire, Soucbon. 

FACULTE MIXTE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE 

DE LYON. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors Arloing, Augagneur, Bard, Testut, Tripier ; MM. Barral, Beauvi- 

Bondet, Cazeneuve, Crolas, Florence, sage, Bordier, Boyer, Causse, Cbandelux, 

Focbier, Gailleton, Gayet, Hugounenq, Collet, Condamin, Courmont, Devic, 

Lacassagne, Lepine, Lortet, Mayet, Doyon, Durand, Gangolphe, Laroyenne, 

Monoyer, Morat, Oilier, Pierret, M. Pol- Moreau, Aug. Pollosson, Rochet, Rollet, 

losson, Poncet, Renaut, Soulier, Teissier, Roque, Roux, Siraud, Vallas, Weill. 

FACULTE LIBRES DES LETTRES DE LYON. 
Professors and Lecturers. 

ARTS. 

Languages. — Classical : Professors Comparative Philology : Professor 

Devaux, Forest, Gonnet-. Lepitre. 

Romance : Professoj's Condamin, Del- Philosophy : Professor Reure. 

mont. History and Archaeology : Professor 

Literature : Professor Frintz. Leotard. 



56 MONTPELLIER. 

FACULTE LIBRE DES SCIENCES DE LYON. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

science. Physics : Professor Chassy. 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Chemistry : Professor Lepercq. 

fessors Berloty, Magnus de Sparre, Geology : Professor Morin. 

Onofrio, Valson. Biology : Professors Donnadieu, Morin. 

FACULTE LIBRE DE DROIT DE LYON. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

Political Science: Professor Rarabaud. Mouterde, Perrin, Poidebard, Richard, 

Law : Professors Beaune, Boucaud, Gai- Roux, Wies ; MM. Brun, Rivet, Roux, 

ral, Hostache, jacquier, de Lajudie, Voron, Wies. 

FACULTE LIBRE DE THEOLOGIE DE LYON. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

theology. Chambost, Chevallier, Dumas, Jacquier, 

Professors Belon, Blanc, Bourchany, Lemann, Vernet. 



MONTPELLIER, France. 

UNIVERSITE DE MONTPELLIER. 

This university, founded in the twelfth century, comprises Fac- 
ulties of Arts, Science, Law and Medicine, and is large and im- 
portant. There are good laboratories and hospitals and some 
scientific institutes. 

The branch of the Comite de Patronage des JStudiants 
Etrangers has arranged free practical courses for the benefit of 
foreigners. The secretary of the Comite is Professor Flahaut. 

FACULTE DES LETTRES DE MONTPELLIER. 
Professors and Lecturers. 



ARTS. 



Comparative Philology : M. Gram- 
mont. 

Languages. — Classical : Professors Philosophy : Professor Milhaud ; M. 
Bonnet, Maury; M. Reynaud. Bougie. 

Germanic : M. Fecamp. History : Professor Gachon ; M. Pe- 

Romance : Professor Rigal ; MM. lissier. 

Chabaneau, Vianey. Archeology : MM. Berthele, Lechat. 

Literature : Professor Castets. Geography : M. Malavialle. 



FRANCE. 57 

FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE MONTPELLIER. 
Professors and Lecturers. 

SCIENCE. 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Mineralogy : Professor Delage ; M. 

fessors Dautheville, Fabry ; M. Le Curie. 

Roux. Geology : Professor Delage. 

Physics: Professors Crova, Meslin. Biology: Professors Flahault, Sabatier ; 

Chemistry : Professors de Forcrand, MM. Pavillard, Soulier. 

Oechsner, de Coninck ; M. Giran. 

FACULTE DE DROIT DE MONTPELLIER. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

Political Science : Professor Gide ; Chausse, Glaize, Laborde, Laurens, 

MM. Brouilhet,,Chauvin. Meynial, Valabregue, Vigie ; MM. 

LAW : Professors Bremond, Charmont, Barde, Declareuil, Valery. 

FACULTE DE MEDECINE DE MONTPELLIER. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

medicine. nat> Truc.Vialleton, Ville; MM. Baumel, 

Professors Bertin-Sans, Bosc, Carrieu, Brousse, Delezenne, Espagne, Estor, 

Ducamp, Estor, Forgue, Gilis, Grand, Francois, Galavielle, Itie, Lapeyre, Le- 

Grasset, Grynfeltt, Hamelin, Hedon, Im- cercle, Moitessier, Mouret, Puech, de 

bert, Mairet, Rauzier, Rodet,Sarda,Tede- Rouville, Vallois. 

NANCY, France. 

UNIVERSITE DE NANCY. 

This university, founded in 1572? comprises the Faculties of 
Arts, Science, Law and Medicine, a School of Pharmacy, and a 
Professional School. There is an influential branch of the Com lie 
de Patronage des Etudiants Etrangers at Nancy, which has 
done much for the benefit of foreign students. 

FACULTE DES LETTRES DE NANCY. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

arts. Literature : Professor Grucker. 

Languages. — Classical : Professors Comparative Phii ology : M. Cousin. 

Thiaucourt, Martin; MM. Collignon, Philosophy : M. Souriau. 

Couve History : Professors Diehl, Pfister ; M. 

Germanic : M. Lichtenberger. Pariset. 

Romance : Professor Krantz ; M. Archaeology : Professor Diehl. 

Etienne. Geography : Professor Auerbach. 



58 POITIERS. 

FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE NANCY. 
Professors and Lecturers. 

SCIENCE. 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Mineralogy : Professor Thoulet. 

fessors Floquet, Molk ; MM. Lacour, Geology and Geography : MM. Mil- 

Vogt. lot, Nickles. 

Physics: Professors Bichat, Blondlot ; Biology: Professors Friant, LeMonnier; 

M. Perreau. MM. Cuenot, Gain, Saint- Remy. 

Chemistry : Professors Arth, Haller, Agriculture : Professor Petit. 

Petit; MM. Guntz, Miiller. 

FACULTE DE DROIT DE NANCY. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

Political Science : Professor Gamier ; del, Bourcart, Chretien, Gardeil, 

M. Liegeois. Gavet, Lombard, Lederlin, Liegeois, 

Law : Professors Beauchet, Binet, Blon- Carre de Malberg, May ; M. Melin. 

FACULTE DE MEDECINE DE NANCY. 
Professors and Lecturers. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors Baraban, Bernheim, Char- Spillmann, Vuillemin, Weiss ; MM. 

pentier, Chretien, Demange, Gamier, Etienne, Fevrier, Froelich, Guerin, Guil- 

Gross, Herrgott, Heydenreich, Mace, loz, Haushalter, Jacques, Parisot, Rohm- 

Meyer, Nicolas, Prenant, Schmitt, Simon, er, Schuhl, Zilgien. 



POITIERS, France. 

UNIVERSITE DE POITIERS. 

This university, founded in 143 1, comprises Faculties of Arts, 
Science and Law, and a Preparatory School of Medicine and 
Pharmacy. 

FACULTE DES LETTRES DE POITIERS. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

arts. Comparative Philology: M. Audouin. 

Languages. — Classical : Professors Philosophy : Professor Luguet ; M. 

Ernault, Hild. Mauxion. 

English : M. Castelain. History : Professor Carre ; M. Boisson- 

Romance: MM. Arnould, Laumonier. ade. 

Literature : Professor Parmentier. Archaeology : M. Lievre. 



FRANCE. 59 

FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE POITIERS. 
Professors and Lecturers. 

SCIENCE. 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Mineralogy and Geology : Professor 

fessors Durrande, Maillard. Welsch. 

Physics : Professor Garbe; M. Delvalez. Biology : Professors Dangeard, Schnei- 

Chemistry : Professor Roux ; M. Guit- der. 

teau. 

FACULTE DE DROIT DE POITIERS. 
Professors and Lecturers. 

Political Science : MM. Cheneaux, Courtois, Normand, Parenteau-Du- 

Girault. beugnon. Petit, Prevot-Leygonie, Sur- 

Law : Professors Arthuys, Arnault de la ville, Thezard ; MM. Cheneaux, 

Menardiere, Barrilleau, Bonnet, Le Michon. 

ECOLE PREPARATOIRE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE 

DE POITIERS. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

medicine. Delaunay, Guitteau, Jouteau, Poirault, 

Professors Alban de la Garde, Brossard, Poisson, Roland ; MM. Faivre, Garbe, 
Buffet-Delmas, Chedevergne, Chretien, Latrille, Leger, Llaguet, Malapert. 

RENNES, France. 

UNIVERSITE DE RENNES. 

This university, founded in 1808, comprises Faculties of Arts, 
Science and Law, and a Preparatory School of Medicine. 

FACULTE DES LETTRES DE RENNES. 
Professors and Lecturers. 

■arts. Romance : Professor Allais; M. Loth. 

Languages. — Classical: Professors De- Comparative Philology: M. Dottin. 

launay, Loth ; M. Mace. Philosophy : M. Bourdon. 

English': M. Thomas. History : MM. Jordan, See. 

Germanic : M. Basch. Geography : MM. Rainaud, Seunes. 

FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE RENNES. 
Professors and Lecturers. 

science. Mineralogy and Geology : Professor 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Seunes. 

fessors Morin, Pujet ; M. Andrade. Biology : Professors Crie, Joubin ; MM. 

Physics : MM. Moreau, Weiss. Guitel, Lesage. 
Chemistry : Professor Lechartier ; M. 

Cavalier. 



6o TOULOUSE. 

FACULTE DE DROIT DE RENNES. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

Political Science: Professor Worms ; de Caqueray, Chatel, Chauveau, Fettu, 

M. Turgeon. Jarno, Turgeon, Vignerte ; MM. Bo- 

Law : Professors Artur, Aubry, Blondel, din, Grandmoulin, Piedelievre. 

ECOLE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE DE PLEIN 
EXERCICE DE RENNES. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors Aubree, Bellamy, Bertheux, ret, Perrin de la Touche ; MM. Castex, 
Blin, Bodin, Brute, Dayot, Delacour, Crie, Dayot fils, Faint, Follet, Laurent, 
Fleury, Lefeuvre, Lhuissier, Mace, Per- Lautier, Le Moniet, Topsent. 

TOULOUSE, France. 
UNIVERSITE DE TOULOUSE. 

This university, founded in 1229, is large and important, and 
comprises Faculties of Arts, Science, Law and Medicine ; there 
are also Catholic Faculties of Arts and Theology. There are good 
scientific laboratories and institutes and an astronomical observa- 
tory. Dr. Maurel is President of the Comite de Patronage des 
£t?idiants Etrangers, which has procured for foreign students re- 
duced rates at the hotels and all other pecuniary advantages enjoyed 
by French students. 

FACULTE DES LETTRES DE TOULOUSE. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

Philosophy: Professor Rauh; M. Thou- 

Languages. — Classical : Professors verez. 

Antoine, Beaudouin ; M. Navarre. History : Professors Dumas, Lecrivain, 

English : M. Dumeril. Molinier ; M. Marion. 

Romance : Professors Benoist, Jean- Archeology : Professor Diirrbach. 

roy, Merimee ; M. Guy. Geography : M. Dognon. 

Literature : Professor Hallberg. Pedagogy : Professor Rauh. 

FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE TOULOUSE. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

science. Physics : Professors Bouasse, Mathias ; 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- M. Cotton. 

fessors Baillaud, Cosserat, Legoux ; Chemistry : Professors Destrem, Saba- 

MM. Delassus, Paraf. tier ; M. Fabre. 



FRANCE. 6 1 

Mineralogy and Geology : Professor Moquin-Tandon, Roule ; MM. Jam- 

Lartet ; M. Caralp. mes, Prunet. 

Biology : Professors Leclerc du Sablon, Agriculture : M. Fabre. 

FACULTE DE DROIT DE TOULOUSE. 
Professors and Lecturers. 

Political Science : Professor Hoques- piau, Hauriou, Merignhac, Paget, 

Fourcade. Rouard de Card, Timbal, Vidal, \Val- 

Law : Professors Bonfils, Bressolles, Ion ; M. Fraissaingea. 
Brissaud, Campistron, Deloume, Des- 

FACULTE MIXTE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE DE 

TOULOUSE. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

medicine. Tapie, Tourneux ; MM. Aldibert, Audry, 

Professors Abelous, Andre, Braemer, Bezy, Biarnes, Garrigou, Gerard, Guil- 

Caubet, Chalot, Charpy, Crouzat, Dupuy, hem, Guiraud, Lamic, Marie, Maurel, 

Frebault, Herrmann, Jeannel, Labeda, Morel, Rispal, Secheyron, Soulie, Suis, 

Mosse, Penieres, Remond, Saint-Ange, Vieusse. 

FACULTE LIBRE DES LETTRES DE TOULOUSE. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

arts. Philosophy : Professor Montagne. 

Languages. —Classical: Professors Archeology: Professor Saint-Ray- 

Gimazanes, Montaut, Morlais ; M. mond 
Valentin. 

Romance : Professor Arnaud. science. 

Modern : Professor de Suplicy. Mathematics : Professors Domec, 

Literature : Professor Couture. Thomas. 

Comparative Philology : Professors Physics and Chemistry : Professor 

Couture, Samouilhan. Senderens. 



62 GERMANY. 



GERMANY. 

The universities of Germany are state institutions, sup- 
ported by the Government and subject to the Ministers of 
Education of the several States in which they are situated. 
They have, however, an independent legal personality, and 
are to a great extent self-governing. At most of the univer- 
sities the Minister of Education is represented by the Curator, 
Chancellor, or Vice-Chancellor, whose duty it is to look after 
the state interests and to manage the finances of the univer- 
sity. When this official is wanting the universities are directly 
under the Ministers. 

Each university comprises four Faculties, namely, the Fac- 
ulties of Philosophy (Arts and Science), Law, Medicine, 
and Theology ; by each of these Faculties courses of lec- 
tures, seminary, and laboratory work are provided, and the 
degree of Doctor is given to matriculated students who have 
passed the final examination and fulfilled certain require- 
ments, which vary slightly with the different universities. 
It is the custom for students to go from one university to 
another, returning for their degrees to the university of their 
choice. 

There are in Germany twenty universities, the largest and 
most important being the universities of Berlin, Leipzig and 
Munich. A German student when applying for permission 
to matriculate at a university is expected to hold the Gymna- 
sialabiturienten Zeugniss, the certificate that he has attended 
the specified course in a Gymnasium and passed the final 
examination. Foreign students must give proof of an equal 
degree of preparation. 

Women are as a rule admitted only as hearers to courses in 
the Philosophical Faculty of the several universities, al- 



GERMANY. 63. 

though in some cases they have also attended lectures in the 
Faculties of Law and Medicine.* 

The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy has been granted to 
women by the Universities of Berlin, Freiburg, Gottingen, 
Heidelberg and Tubingen, and at these universities women 
have a certain recognised position as hearers, although they 
are not allowed to matriculate. At most of the universities 
in Prussia properly qualified women are permitted to attend 
courses in the Philosophical Faculty if they obtain the per- 
mission of the Rector of the university and of the indi- 
vidual professors whose courses they desire to hear. They 
have, however, no rights, and are not counted as students. 
Any particular application for admission may be refused. 
The other universities of Germany vary in regard to the 
admission of women. 

The reading-rooms of the university libraries are as a rule 
open to women as part of the general public on the same con- 
ditions as to men. Women who are studying at the various 
universities are in every case permitted to take books out of 
the libraries upon the same conditions as men. 

The academic year begins in October and is divided into 
two semesters, the winter semester which extends from the 
middle of October to the middle of March, and the summer 
semester which extends from the middle of April to the mid- 
dle of August. The lectures do not, however, generally 
begin until a week or ten days after the date officially 
announced as the beginning of the semester. 

The list of courses to be given in one semester is not pub- 
lished until the end of the preceding semester. Official lists 
of lectures ( Vorlesungsverzeichnisseii) of the universities are 
sold at the bookshops, they are are not distributed by the uni- 



* Wherever courses in Law and Medicine have been opened to women, special mention is made 
of the fact under the head of the separate universities. 



64 GERMANY. 

versities themselves. The Deutscher Universitdts-Kalender , 
published each semester in Berlin, gives the courses offered 
during the semester at all the German universities. 

The fees paid at German universities are of two kinds, 
those paid to the universities themselves and those paid to the 
individual professors. Each university charges students a 
small fee on entering for matriculation; 18 M. ($4.50) for 
first matriculation, 9 M. ($2.25) for students coming from 
another university ; on leaving, for a certificate of work done 
14 M. ($3.50), in addition to a fee each semester for the 
right to hear lectures (5 M., $1.25). For each course at- 
tended a fee is also paid to the professor giving the course, 
except in those cases where the course is expressly stated to 
be free (3-5 M., $. 75— $1. 25, for one hour a week during 
one semester). A much larger fee is paid to the university 
for a Doctor's degree (300-400 M., $75~$ioo).* 

The fees paid by women vary in the different universities. 
Where women are officially admitted they may pay the uni- 
versity fee for those privileges which they enjoy. Where 
they attend lectures by the permission of the individual pro- 
fessors without the sanction of the Ministry, they pay the fees 
to the professors. 

The whole question of the admission of women to the universities has given rise to much dis- 
cussion in Germany and is still far from being settled. Many Germans regard the higher education 
of women as undesirable and there is a strong objection manifested by a large number of the pro- 
fessors and students alike to the admission of women to the universities. In the last few years, how- 
ever, great advances have been made and the foundation of several gymnasia for girls on exactly the 
same plan as those for boys has made it possible for German women to obtain adequate preparation 
for the universities. 

The seriousness of purpose and the ability of individual women who have studied in Germany 
has, it is believed, done much towards destroying the prejudice against women students in the minds 
of the professors under whom they have worked. Each woman who applies for permission to attend 
lectures should bear in mind the great responsibility she incurs in thus becoming, as it were, a test 
case, by which other similar cases in the future will be judged. If she is insufficiently prepared or 
lacking in seriousness of purpose in her work she cannot fail to do harm to the cause of women's 
education in Germany. Women students should also bear in mind that the conditions of German 



* The above figures are approximate. 



GERMANY. 65 

life are very different from the conditions of American life, and that any failure to observe the estab- 
lished customs of the people among whom they are living and whose hospitality they are enjoying, is 
likely to bring women students as a class into discredit. 

BERLIN, Prussia. 
KONIGL. FRIEDRICH-WILHELMS-UNIVERSITAT. 

Until within the last few years the University of Berlin, which 
was founded in 1S09, was entirely closed to women, and no de- 
grees had ever been granted by it to women. At present individual 
women are in general permitted by the University to attend lec- 
tures as gastzuhorerinnen, provided that they can prove that they 
are properly prepared. 

The application to be allowed to attend lectures, accompanied 
by the passport and testimonials of the applicant, should be left at 
the Kuratorium. After the applicant receives notice from the 
authorities that she is admitted she should go to the Universitdts- 
Sekretariat for the Rektorats-Erlaubniss-Schein. After the in- 
dividual professors have given the applicant permission to attend 
their lectures the Quaestor of the University registers and regu- 
larly admits the student. 

Women students are sometimes admitted to lectures when, on 
account of lack of space, entrance to the seminaries and laboratories 
is refused them, but some professors have opened both their semi- 
naries and their laboratories to individual women. 

Practically all the courses offered by the Philosophical Faculty 
are now open to women, and courses in Law and Physiology have 
been attended by women, but in Anatomy and Medicine the classes 
are in general closed. 

In 1898-99 two hundred and forty-one women were studying at 
the University of Berlin ; a room in the University building has 
been set apart for their use. One woman has recently obtained the 
degree of Doctor in the Philosophical Faculty. 

For information as to dates of semesters, fees, etc., see pp. 62-64. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

arts. Indo-Iranian : Professors Geldner, 

Xanguages. — Semitic : Professors Weber ; Docents Oppert, Sieg. 

Barth, Dieterici, Sachau, Schrader ; Classical : Professors Diels, Hiibner, 

Docents Erman, Sethe, Winckler. Kirchhoff, Vahlen, v. Wilamo- 



66 



BERLIN. 



witz Mollendorff, Winter ; Docents 

Kiibler, Rothstein, Schone, Thomas. 

English : Professor Brandl ; Reader 

Harsley. 
Germanic : Professors Bruckner, 
Heusler, Hoffory, Roediger, E. 
Schmidt, Weinhold ; Docents Cor- 
nicelius, Herrmann, Meyer. 
Romance : Professors Geiger, Tob- 
ler ; Docent Schultz-Gora ; Readers 
Hecker, Pariselle. 
Chinese : Professor Grube. 
Mongolian and History of Bud- 
dhism : Docent Huth. 
Oriental Languages Seminar : Pro- 
fessors Arendt, Berneker, Hassan 
Djelaled-din Fischer, Foy, Giissfeldt, 
Hartmann, Lange, Amin Maarbes, 
Mitsotakis, de Mugica Neuhaus, Sen- 
ga. Sid Gilani Schirkawi, Hsueh Shen, 
Steinbach Vacha, Velten, Warburg, 
Abder-rahman Zaghlul. 
Comparative Philology : Professor 

John Schmidt. 
Philosophy: Professors Dilthey, Pau 1 - 
sen, Runze, Stumpf, Zeller ; Docents 
Dessoir, Doring, Hoppe, Lasson, Sim- 
mel, Schumann, Thiele. 
Political Science : Professors Boeckh, 
Lass, v. Martitz, Meitzen Reinhold, 
Schmoller, Sering, Wagner ; Docents 
v. Ha'le, Hoeniger, Jastrow, v. Kauf- 
mann, v. Wenckstern. 
Hist >RY : Professors Breysig, Delbriick, 
Hirschfeld, Kohler, Lenz, Mommsen, 
Scheffer-Boichorst, Schiemann ; Do- 
cents Dessau, Hintze, Honiger, Klebs, 
Koepp, Koser, Kiibler, Lehmann, 
Liesegang. Meinecke, Naude, Oncken, 
Roloff, Seler, Spahn, Sternfeld, Tangl. 
Art AND ArcH/EOLOGY : Professors Er- 
man, Frey, Grimm, Kekule, Winne- 
feld, Winter ; Docents Dessau, Gold- 
schmidt, Graef, Helmert, Kalkmann, 
Kern, Pernice, Schmid, Sethe. 
Pedagogy : Professor Munch. 
Geography : Professors v. Drygalski, v. 
Richthofen ; Docents Dove, Kretsch- 



Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
fessors Bauschinger. Foerster. Fro- 
benius, Fuchs, Hensel, Hettner, 



Knoblauch, Lehmann-Fi hes Planck, 
Scheiner, Schwarz ; Docents Batter- 
mann. Hoppe, Marcuse. 

Physics : Professors v. Bezold, Blasius, 
Neesen, P anck, Warburg ; Docents 
Arons, Assmann, du Bois, Krigar- 
Menzel, Pringsheim. 

Chemistry : Professors Biedermann, 
Fischer, Fock, Gabrie', Landolt, 
Liebermann, Pinner, Rammelsberg, 
Schneider, Sell, Tiemann, Vant'Hoft, 
Wichelhaus, Will ; Docents v. Buchka, 
Harries, Hayduck, Jacobson, Jahn, 
Marckwald, Meyerhoffer, Reissert, 
Rosenheim, Schopff, Schotten, Thorns, 
W. Traube, Windisch, Wohl. 

Mineralogy : Professor Klein ; Docents 
Fock, Tenne, H. Traube. 

Geology : Professors Berendt, Dames ; 
Docent Jaeke'. 

Biology : Professors Ascherson, Engler, 
Garcke, Kny, Magnus, v. Martens, 
Moebius, Schulze, Schwendener, Witt- 
mack ; Docents Gilg, Heymons, Hol- 
termann, Karsch, Ko'kwitz, Lindau, 
von Luschan, Plate, Reinhardt, Schau- 
dinn, Schumann, Volkens, Warburg, 
Zimmermann. 

Agriculture : Professor Orth. 

LAW. 

Professors Aegidi, Berner, Bornhak, 
Brunner, Dambach, Dernburg, Eck, 
Gierke, Hiibler, Kahl, Kohler, Oert- 
mann, Pernice, Rehme, Secke', Zeumer ; 
Docents Burchard, Heilborn, Jacobi, 
Kaufmann, Preuss, Schwartz, Stolzel. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors A. Baginsky, v. Bergmann, 
Bernhardt, Brieger, Busch, von Coler, 
Ehrhch, Engelmann, Eu'enburg, Ewa'd, 
Fasbender, B. Franke', Fritsch,Gerhardt, 
Go'dscheider, Gurlt, Gusserow, Henoch, 
Hertwig, Heubner, Hildebrand, Hirsch- 
berg, Horstmann, Israel, Jolly, Koch, 
Konig, Koppen, Lesser, Lewin, Leyden, 
Liebreich, Lucae, Mendel, Mi'er, Moeli, 
H. Munk I. Munk, Nagel, Olshausen, 
Rose, Rubner, Salkowski, Schoe'er, 
Schweigger, Schweninger, Senator, 
Silex, Skrzeczka, Sonnenburg, Strass- 
mann, Thierfelder, Trautmann, H. Vir- 
chow, R. Virchow, Wa'deyer, J. Wo ft", 



GERMANY. 



67 



M. Wolff; Docents B. Baginsky, Behr- 
end, Benda, Boedeker, C. du Bois-Rey- 
mond, R. du Bois-Reymond, Bonhoff, 
Casper, Diihrssen, A. Fraenkel, Geb- 
hard, Gluck, Grawitz, Greeff, Grunmach, 
Giinther, Guttstadt, Hansemann, Herter, 
Heymann, Hirschfe'd, Jacobson, Jansen, 
Joachimstahl, Katz, Klemperer, Ko- 
b anck, Konig, R. Krause, W. Krause, 
Kronig, Laehr, Landau, Langerhans, 
Langgaard, Lassar, Lewinski, Lexer, 
Litten, Loewy, Martin, Mendelsohn, 
Meyer, Michaelis, Mitscherlich, I. Munk, 
Nagel, Neumann, Nitze, Oestreich, Ohl- 
mti ler, Oppenheim, Pagel, Perl, Pfeiffer, 



Posner, Puppe, Rabl-Riickhard, Rawitz, 
Remak, Riess, Rosenheim, Rosin, Ruge, 
de Ruyter, Salomon, Schelske, Schiiller, 
Schultz, Stadelmann, Strassmann, Strauss, 
Tobold, Westphal, Wolpert, Zinn. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors Benzinger, Deutsch,Gunkel, 
Harnack, Kaftan, Kleinert, Miiller, 
Pfleiderer, Seeberg, von Soden, Strack, 
Weiss, Wobbermin ; Docents Gennrich, 
Holl, Plath. 

MUSIC. 

Professors Bel'ermann, Fleischer ; Do- 
cent Friedlander. 



BONN, Prussia. 
RHEINISCHE FRIEDRICH-WILHELMS-UNIVERSITAT. 

The university was founded in 1818 and is under the same general 
regulations as all the universities of Germany; see pp. 62-64. 

Twenty-six women were attending courses in the university as 
hearers in the winter semester of 189S-99. 

Holiday courses for women teachers are given in August by the 
university professors. The subjects are chiefly philosophical and 
philological. 

Professors and Lecturers. 



Languages. — Semitic : Professor 'Prym; 
Docent Nix. 
Classical : Professors Buecheler, El- 
ter, Usener ; Docents Brinkmann, 
Radermacher, Solmsen. 
Indo-Iranian : Professor Jacobi ; Do- 
cent Solmsen. 
English : Professor Trautmann. 
Germanic : Professors Franck, Litz- 
mann, Wilmanns ; Docent Drescher. 
Romance : Professor Foerster; Reader 
Gaufinez. 
Comparative Philology : Professor 

Jacobi. 
Philosophy : Professors Bender, Elter, 
Meyer, Neuhaeuser ; Docents Erd- 
mann, Wentscher. 
Political Science : Professors Dietzel, 

Gothein. 
History : Professors v. Bezold, Meister, 



Nissen, Ritter, Schmitt, Wiedemann ; 

Docents Meister, Strack. 
Art and Archeology: Professors Justi, 

Kuppers, Loeschke ; Docents Clemen, 

Firmenich-Richartz. 
Geography : Professor Rein ; Docents 

Philippson, Reinhertz. 
Music : Professor L. Wolff. 



Mathematics : Professors Deichmiiller, 
Lipschitz, Kustner, Kortum, Study ; 
Docents Heffter, Monnichmeyer. 

Physics : Professors Kayser, Lorberg ; 
Docent Pfliiger. 

Chemistry : Professors Anschiitz, 
Partheil, Rimbach ; Docents Binz, 
Heusler, Lob, Schroeter. 

Mineralogy: Professor Laspeyres ; Do- 
cent Kaiser. 



68 



BRESLA U. 



Geology : Professors Pohlig, Schliiter ; 

Docent Rauff. 
Biology : Professors Borgert, Ludwig, 

Strasburger ; Docents Fischer, Konig, 

Noll, Strubell, Voigt. 
Agriculture: Docent von der Goltz. 



Professors Bergbohm, Cosack, Crome, 
Hiibner, Hiiffer, Kriiger, Landsberg, 
Loersch, Pfliiger, v. Schulte, Seuftert, 
Zitelmann. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors Binz, Doutrelepont, Finkeln- 
burg, Finkler, Fritsch, Fuchs, Geppert, 
la Valette St. George, Koester, Leo, v. 
Mosengeil, Nussbaum, Pelmann, Peters, 
Pfliiger, Saemisch, Schede, Schieffer- 



decker, Schultze, Ungar, Walb, Witzel ; 
Docents Bleibtreu, Boennecken, Bohland, 
Burger, Dreser, Eschweiler, Graff, Hum- 
melsheim, Jores, J. Kocks, W. Kocks, 
Krukenberg, Kruse, Petersen, Pletzer, 
Rieder, Schmidt, Schondorff, Schroder, 
Schultze, Thomsen,Wendelstadt,Wolters. 

THEOLOGY, PROTESTANT. 

Professors Bratke, Goebel, Grafe, 
Kamphausen, Meinhold,Ritschl, Sachsse,. 
Sell, Sieffert ; Docents Meyer, Simons. 

THEOLOGY, CATHOLIC. 

Professors Englert, Esser, Felten, 
Kellner, Kaulen, Kirschkamp, Langen, 
Schrors ; Docent Rauschen. 



BRESLAU, Prussia. 
KONIGLICHE UNIVERSITAT. 

The University of Breslau, founded in 1506, admits women 
under the same restrictions as the University of Berlin. No degrees 
have as yet been granted by women by this University. Women 
who hold the Gymnasialabiturientenzeugniss are allowed to at- 
tend all the medical courses, including those in anatomy, but no 
one is admitted who does not hold the certificate in question. 
Thirty-one women were attending courses in the University in the 
winter semester of 1898-99. The general regulations are same as 
those of other German universities ; see pp. 62-64. 

Professors and Lecturers. 



Languages. — Semitic : Professors De- 

litzsch, Fraenkel. 
Indo-Iranian : Professors Hillebrandt, 
Hoffmann ; Docents Brockelmann, 
Liebich. 

Classical : Professors Forster, Miil- 
ler, Norden, Skutsch, Zacher ; Do- 
cents Cohn, Kroll, Wiinsch. 

English : Professor Kolbing ; Lec- 
turer Pughe. 

Germanic: Professors Nehring, Vogt; 
Docents Bobertag, Jiriczek, Koch. 

Romance : Professor Appel ; Lecturer 
Pillet. 



Russian : Lecturer Abicht. 
Comparative Philology : Professors 

Fick, Hillebrandt. 
History of Literature : Professor 

Koch. 
Philosophy : Professors Baeumker, Eb- 

binghaus, Freudenthal, Stern. 
Political Science : Professors Au- 

hagen, Sombart, Wolf. 
History : Professors Caro, Griinhagen,. 

Kaufmann, Schulte, Wilcken. 
Art and Archaeology : Professor Mu- 

ther ; Docent Semrau. 

SCIENCE. 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 



GERMANS. 



Jessors Franz, Rosanes, Sturm ; Docent 
London. 

Physics : Professors Heydweiller, O. E. 
Meyer. 

Chemistry : Professors Ahrens, Laden- 
burg, Poleck, Weiske ; Docents Kiis- 
ter, Scholtz. 

Mineralogy : Professor Hintze ; Do- 
cent Milch. 

Geology : Professor Freeh ; Docents 
Giirich, Milch. 

Geography : Professor Partsch; Docent 
Leonhard. 

Biology : Professors Brefeld, Chun, Fer- 
dinand, Kiikenthal, Pax, Stutzer ; Do- 
cents Braem, Mez, Rohde, Rosen. 
Weberbauer. 

Engineering : Doceni Beyer. 

Agriculture : Professors Ahrens, Hol- 
defleiss, Luedecke, von Kiimker, Stut- 
zer ; Docents Beyer, von Nathusius, 
Strauch. 

Forestry : Docent Kayser. 

Veterinary Surgery : Professor Metz- 
dorf ; Docent Strauch. 

LAW. 

Professors Beling, Brie, Bruck, Dahn, 



Fischer, J6rs, Leonhard, Schott ; Docent 
Heymann. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors Born, Cohn, Czerny, Fil- 
ehne, Fliigge, Hasse, Hirt, Kast, Kolac- 
zek, Kiistner, Lesser, Magnus, Mikulicz, 
Neisser, Partsch, Ponfick, Richter, Roh- 
mann, Uhthoff, Wernicke ; Docents Alex- 
ander, Bonhoeffer, Bruck, Buchwald, 
Frankel, Groenouw, Henke, Henle, 
Hiller, Hiirthle, Jacobi, v. Kader, 
Kaiser, Keilmann, Kionka, Krienes, 
Kiihnau, Kummel, Mann, Peter, Pfann- 
ensteil, Reichel, Riegner, Sachs, Schafer, 
Stern, Tietze. 

THEOLOGY. 

Protestant : Professors Arnold, Cor- 
nill, Hahn, Kawerau, Lohr, Muller, 
Schmidt, Wrede ; Docents Juncker, 
Schulze. 

Catholic : Professors Commer, Konig, 
Krawutzcky, Lammer, Muller, Nikel, 
Niirnberger, Pohle, Probst, Schaefer, 
Scholz, Sdralek ; Docents von Tessen- 
Wesierski. 



ERLANGEN, Bavaria. 
KGL. FRIEDRICH-ALEXANDERS-UNIVERSITAT. 

This university was founded in 1743, and the general regulations 
are the same as those of other German universities ; see pp. 62-64. 

Women are in general allowed to attend lectures at the three 
Bavarian Universities and also to take degrees in their philological 
and scientific departments. Nevertheless, a woman, who, after 
passing the final examinations of a gymnasium, wished to study 
medicine at this university has been refused permission to attend 
lectures in anatomy. 

Five women were attending courses at the university during the 
winter semester of 1898-99. 

Professors and Lecturers. 



Languages. — Semitic : Professor Abel. 
Classical : Professors Heerdegen, 
Romer. 



Germanic : Professors Geiger, Stein- 

meyer. 
Romance : Professor Schneegans. 
Modern : Professor Varnhagen. 



7o 



FREIBURG IM BRE1SGAU. 



Sanskrit and Comparative Philol- 
ogy : Professor Geiger. 

Philosophy : Professors Class, Falcken- 
berg. 

Political Science : Professors Ehe- 
berg, Neuburg. 

History : Professors Fester, von Hegel, 
Pohlmann. 

Geography: Professor Pechuel-Loesche; 
Docent Blanckenhorn. 

Art and Archaeology : Professor 
Flasch. 

Pedagogy : Professor Romer. 

SCIENCE. 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
fessors Gordan, Nother. 

Physics : Professor Wiedemann ; Docent 
Schmidt. 

Chemistry : Professors Busch, Fischer, 
Paal. 



Mineralogy : Professor Lenk ; Docents 

Blanckenhorn, v. Elterlein. 
Geology : Professor Lenk. 
Biology: Professors Fleischmann, Reess; 

Docent Schmidt. 

LAW. 

Professors Allfeld, Gengler, Hellwig, 
Jiiger, Kipp, Rehm, Sehling. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors Eversbush, Fleischer, From- 
mel, LeoGerlach, Graser,Hauser, Heim, 
von Heineke, Hermann, Kiesselbach, 
Penzoldt, Rosenthal, Specht, v. Strum- 
pell ; Docents Gessner, Heinz, v. Kryger, 
Miiller, Schneider, Spuler. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors Caspari, Ewald, Ihmels, 
Kolde, Lotz, Miiller, Zahn ; Docent Wie- 
gand. 



FREIBURG IM BRE1SGAU, Baden. 

GROSHERZ. BAD. ALBERT-LUDWIGS-UNIVERSITAT. 

The University of Freiburg, founded in 1457, is one of the three 
universities of Germany that have granted the degree of Doctor to 
women. Women are admitted to university lectures under the 
same restrictions as at the University of Heidelberg. (See p. 
75.) For the general regulations see pp. 62—64. 

Professors and Lecturers. 



ARTS. 

Languages. — Semitic: Professor Reck- 

endorf. 
Indo-Iranian : Professors Holtz- 

mann, Thumb. 
Classical : Professors Hense, Kalb- 

fleisch, Schmidt, Steup, Thurney- 

sen. 
English : Professor Schroer. 
Germanic : Professors Kluge, Meyer, 

Panzer, Weissenfels. 
Romance : Professors Baist, Green, 

Levy, Paufler. 
Comparative Philology : Professors 

Thumb, Thurneysen. 
Philosophy : Professors Cohn, Grosse, 
Rickert, Riehl. 



Political Economy : Professors Fuchs, 

v. Schulze-Gaevernitz. 
History : Professors Bienemann, Dove, 

Fabricius, Finke, Michael, v. Simson. 
Art and Archeology : Professor 

Puchstein, Studniczka, Sutter ; Docent 

Cornelius. 
Geography : Professor Neumann. 
Pedagogy : Doce?it Ziirn. 
Music : Docent Hoppe. 

SCIENCE. 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
fessors Loewy, Liiroth, Rebman, Stick- 
elberger. 

Physics : Professors Himstedt, Meyer. 



GERMANY. 



7i 



Chemistry : Professors Claus, Willger- 

odt; Docents Edinger, Fromm. 
Mineralogy : Professors Graeff, Stein- 

mann. 
Geology : Professor Boehm 
Biology : Professors Gruber, Hacker, 

Oltmanns, Weismann ; Docent Fritze. 
Agriculture: Professors. Schulze-Gae- 

vernitz. 



ler, Emminghaus, Goldmann, Hegar, 
Hildebrand, v. Kahlden, Keibel, Killian, 
Kiliani, Kirn, Knies, Korn, Kraske, von 
Kries, Jacobi, Manz, Miiller, Schinzinger, 
Schottelius, Sonntag, Wiedersheim, 
Wiedow, Ziegler; Docents Autenrieth, 
Bulius, Clemens, v. Dungern, Gaupp, 
Nagel, Reerink, Ritscbl, Roos, Schiile, 
Sellheim, Treupel. 



Professors Eisele, Merkel, von Roh- 
land, Rosin, Riimelin, Schmidt, Stutz ; 
Docents Schmezer, Sieveking. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors Bartels, Bass, Bloch, Baum- 



THEOLOGY. 



Professors Baumgartner, Braig, Heiner, 
Hoberg, Keppler, Kraus, Krieg, Kiins- 
tle, Riickert, Trenkle, Weber. 



GIESSEN, Hesse. 
GROSSHERZOGL. HESSISCHE LUDWIGS-UNIVERSITAT. 

This University was founded in 1607, and the general regulations 
are the same as those of other German universities ; see pp. 62-64. 

It is the first university in Germany to take action in regard 
to admitting women on the same footing as men. In January, 1899, 
the Senate decided by a large majority to admit women who have 
obtained the Reifezeugniss of a gymnasium or of a Realschzde of 
the first order as matriculated students in the Faculties of Phil- 
osophy and Law. Up to the present no women have been ad- 
mitted to the university. 



Professors and Lecturers. 



Languages. — Indo-Iranian: Professor 
Bartholomae. 
Classical : Professors A. Dieterich, 

Gundermann. 
English : Professors Pichler, Wetz. 
Germanic: Professor Behagel; Docents 

Collin, Pichler, Strack. 
Romance: Professors Behrens, Pichler. 
Philosophy : Professor Siebeck ; Do- 
cent Kinkel. 
Political Science: Professor Laspeyres. 
History: Professors Hohlbaum, Oncken; 
Docents J. R. Dieterich, Kernemann. 



Art and Archeology: Professor 

Sauer. 
Geography : Professor Sievers. 
Pedagogy : Professor Schiller. 



Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
fessors Fromme, Netto, Pasch ; Docent 
Haussner. 

Physics : Professors Fromme, Scholl, 
Wiener. 

Chemistry : Professors Elbs, Naumann; 
Docents Eidmann, Rhode, Schon, 
Schwarzmann. 



72 GOTTINGEN. 

Mineralogy : Professor Brauns. medicine. 

Biology : Professors Hansen, Spengel, Professors Bose, Bostroem, Eckhard, 

v. Wagner. Fuh Gaehtgens, Gaffky, Geppert, Loh- 

Agriculture: Professors Hess, v. lei Po \ Riegel, Sommer, Stein- 

Minden, 1 haer, W immenauer. briigge; Stickerj Strahl) Vossius, Walther; 

Docents Baur, Henneberg, Koppe. 
' LAW. ' & vv 

„ r „. t, t- i THEOLOGY. 

Professors Biermann, Jbraun, Frank, T> „ , _. , , 

Giinther, Heimburger, Jung, Leist, Protestant : Professors Baldensperger, 
c u~-j.. Holtzmann, Kattenbusch, Ivosthn, 

bcnmidt. it- .. ,. ' , ' ' 

Kruger, Stade. 



GOTTIXGEN, Prussia. 
GEORG-AUGUSTS-UNIVERSITAT. 

The University of Gottingen, founded in 1737, is one of the four 
universities in Germany that have granted the degree of Doctor to 
women. In 1893 its doors were first opened to women students, 
and from the beginning a certain official position has been given to 
them, although they are not allowed to matriculate, and the appli- 
cation of any individual candidate for admission may be refused at 
the option of the university authorities. 

The university library, reading rooms and the special reading 
rooms for separate subjects are open to women students as freely 
as to men students and upon the same conditions. Four women 
have obtained the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in this university 
within the last few years. Twenty-one women were attending 
courses in the University as hearers during the summer semester of 
1S98. 

The mathematical seminary has issued a programme of study to 
aid students in choosing the most profitable arrangement of lectures, 
etc. 

Fees are paid to the Quaestor of the University. The general 
regulations are the same as for other German Universities ; see 
pp. 62-64. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

arts. Classical: Professors Dilthey, Kai- 

Languages. — Semitic: Professors bel, Leo, Meyer ; Docents Schulten, 

Pietschmann, Rahlfs, Smend, Well- Schulze, Wentzel. 

hausen ; Doeenfs 'Lilders, Schulthess. ENGLISH: Professor Morsbach ; Lectoi 

Indo-Iranian : Professor Kiel horn. Tamson. 



GERMANS. 



73 



Germanic: Professors Heyne, Roethe; 
Docent Meissner. 

Romance : Professor Stimming ; Lec- 
tor Sechehaye. 
Comparative Philology : Professor 

Schulze. 
Philosophy : Professors Baumann, 

Miiller, Peipers, Rehnisch. 
Political Science : Professors Cohn, 

Ehrenberg, Lexis. 
History : Professors Kehr, Krauske, 

Lehmann, Willrich ; Docent Busold. 
Art and Archaeology : Professor 

Vischer. 
Geography : Professor Wagner. 
MUSIC: Professor Freiberg. 



Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
fessors Hilbert, Klein, Schur, Voigt ; 
Docents Ambronn, Bohlmann, Bren- 
del, Sommer. 

Physics: Professors Des Coudres, Nernst, 
Riecke, Voigt ; Docents Simon, 
Wiechert. 

Chemistry : Professors Fischer, Nernst, 
Polstorff, Wallach ; Docents Abegg, 
Coehn, Koetz, Lorenz. 

Mineralogy : Professor Liebisch. 



Geology : Professor von Koenen. 

Biology : Professors Berthold, Ehlers, 
Peter ; Docents Henking, Rhumbler. 

Agriculture : Professors Burger, 
Fleischmann, Griepenkerl, Lehmann, 
E. Meyer, v. Seelhorst, Tollens. 



Professors Andre, von Bar, Detmold, 
Dove, Ehrenberg, Frensdorff, v. Hippel, 
Merkel, Planck, Regelsberger, v. Sa- 
vigny. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors Aschoff, Beneke, Borattam, 
Braun, Biirkner, Cramer, Damsch, Droy- 
sen, Ebstein, Esmarch, Esser, Heitmiiller, 
Hildebrand, Husemann, Jacobi, Kallius, 
Konig, Lohmeyer, Marme, Meissner, 
Merkel, Meyer, Nicolaier, Orth, Rosen - 
bach, Runge, Schmidt- Rimpler, Sultan ; 
Docents v. Reichenbach, Schreiber. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors Althaus, Bonwetsch, Knoke, 
Schader, Schultz, Schiirer, Smend, 
Tschackert, Wiesinger, Zorn ; Docents 
Achelis, Bousset, Hackmann, Otto, 
Rahlfs, Wellhausen. 



GKEIFSAVALD, Prussia. 
KONIGLICHE UNIVERSITAT. 

The University of Greifswald, founded in 1456, admits women 
under the same restrictions as the University of Berlin. No degrees 
have as yet been granted to women by this university. A summer 
course in literature, philosophy, etc., is held from July 10th to July 
28th. It is open to foreigners, both men and women and is largely 
attended. 

The general regulations are the same as those of other German 
universities ; see pp. 62—64. 

Professors and Lecturers. 



ARTS. 

Languages. — Semitic : Professor Kess- 

ler. 
Oriental : Professors Ahlwardt, Zim- 

mer ; Docent Heller. 
Classical : Professors Gercke, Korte. 
English : Professor Quiggin. 



Germanic : Professors Brainier, Reif- 
ferscheid, Siebs ; Docent Stengel ; 
Reader Conlet. 

Romance : Professor Brandin. . 
Comparative Philology : Professor 

Zimmer. 



74 HALLE. 

Philosophy : Professors Relimke, Biology : Professor Schiitt ; Docents 

Schmekel, Schuppe. Moeller, Miiller. 
Political Science : Professors Bier- 

mer, Stock, Struck, Waentig ; Docent „ , _. ,. ' „ , ,, 

Schmoele Professors Bierling, rrommhold, 

History : ' Professors Bernheim, Pyl, Kriickmann, Pescatore, Stampe Stoerk, 

Seeck, Ulmann ; Docents Altmann. Weismann ; Docents v. Marck, Medem. 

Art and Archeology: Professor Preu- medicine. 

ner - Professors Arndt, Ballowitz, Beumer, 

Geography : Professors Credner. B ier, Bonnet, Grawitz, Krabler, Landois, 

Loffler, Mosler, Peiper, Pernice, Rose- 

,, . „ mann, O. Schirmer, Schulz, Solger. 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Strlibing; Tilmann, Triepel ; Docents 

fessors Study, Thome B Gerulanos, Helferich, Hoffmann, 

Physics : Professors Holtz, Richarz ; Ldck St0 v . Preuschen . 

Docent Schreber. 

Chemistry : Professors Limpricht, theology. 

Schwanert ; Docents Posner, Semmler. Professors Bosse, Cremer, Haussleiter,. 

Mineralogy : Professor Cohen. Liitgert, v. Nathusius, Oettli, Schultze,. 

Geology : Professor Deecke. Zockler ; Docents Lezius, Volck. 

HALLE, Prussia. 

VEREINIGTE FRIEDRICHS-UNIVERSITAT HALLE-WITTEN- 
BERG. 

In order to attend lectures at the University of Halle women stu- 
dents must obtain permission from the Prussian Minister of Educa- 
tion and from the individual professors whose courses they desire 
to hear. 

In making application to the Minister the candidate must state 
the course of study to be pursued and, in so far as is possible, the 
names of the professors under whom she wishes to work. Fifteen 
women were attending courses as hearers during the winter semester" 
of 1898-99; six of these attended the courses in medicine and were 
admitted to the lectures on anatomy. 

The doctors and students attached to the hospitals in Halle have 
protested against the action of the medical faculty in admitting 
women to courses in medicine. 

The general regulations are the same as for other German uni- 
versities ; see pp. 62-64. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

ARTS. 

Languages. — Semitic : Professor Pra- Indo-Iranian : Professors Pischel, 

torius ; Docents Fischer, Jacob. Zachariae ; Docent Schmidt. 



GERMANY. 



75 



Classical : Professors Bechtel, Blass, 
Dittenberger, Wissowa ; Docents 
Ihm, Maurenbrecher. 
English : Professor Wagner ; Reader 

Thistlethwaite. 
Germanic: Professors Burdach,Haym, 
Riehl, Strauch ; Docents Bremer, 
Collitz, Meier, Saran, Schultze. 
Romance : Professor Suchier ; Do- 
cents Heuckenkamp, Simon, Wechs- 
sler, Wiese. 
Comparative Philology : Professors 

Bechtel, Zachariae. 
Philosophy : Professors Erdmann, 
Haym, Uphues, Vaihinger; Docents 
Husserl, Schwarz. 
Political Science : Professors Conrad, 

Friedberg, Kahler. 
History : Professors Droysen, Ewald, 
Hertzberg, Lindner, Meyer, Rachfahl; 
Docents Brode, von Heinemann, von 
Ruville, Sommerlad. 
Geography : Professor Kirchhoff ; Do- 
cents Schenck, Ule. 
Art and Archaeology : Professor 
Robert ; Docents Kautzsch, Wernicke. 
Pedagogy : Docent Fries. 
Music : Professor Reubke. 



Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
fessors Cantor, Eberhard, Gutzmer, 
Wangerin. 

Physics : Professor Schmidt ; Docent 
Roloff. 

Chemistry : Professors Doebner, Vol- 
hard ; Docents Baumert, Chess, Erd- 
mann, Vorlander. 



Mineralogy : Professor Luedecke; Do- 
cents v. Kraatz-Koschlau. 

Geology : Professor v. Fritsch. 

Biology : Professors Grenacher, Klebs, 
O. Taschenberg ; Docents Brandes, 
Schulz. 

Agriculture: Professors Albert, Kuehn, 
Maercker, Wust ; Docents Cluss, 
Disselhorst, Falke, Fischer, Freytag, 
Holdefleiss, Knoch, Lorenz, v. Men- 
del- Steinfels, Miiller. 

LAW. 

Professors Arndt, Boretius, v. Bruen- 
neck, van Calker, Endemann, Fitting, 
Heck, v. Hollander, Lastig, Liepmann, 
v. Liszt, Loening, Rietschel, Rosenfeld, 
Schulte, Stammler, Stein. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors Bernstein, v. Bramann, 
Bunge, Eberth, Fehling, Frankel, Genz- 
mer, Harnack, v. Hippel, Hitzig, Kohl- 
schutter, v. Mering, Oberst, Pott, Roux, 
Schwarz, Schwartze, Seeligmiiller, 
Weber ; Docents, Braunschweig, Eisler, 
Endres, Grunert, Haasler, Heilbronner, 
v. Herff, Hessen, Hessler, Jensen, Koer- 
ner, Kromayer, Leser, Mehnert, Reine- 
both, Sobernheim, Vahlen. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors Beyschlag, Eichhorn, 
Haupt, Hering, Kaehler, Kautzsch, 
Koestlin, Loofs, Reischle, Rothstein, 
Warneck ; Docejtts Beer, Clemen, 
Ficker, Scheibe, Stange, Steuernagel. 



HEIDELBERG, Baden. 



GROSSHERZOGLICHE RUPRECHT-KARLS-UNIVERSITAT. 

The University of Heidelberg, founded in 1386, has granted 
the degree of Doctor to several women. Women who obtain the 
permission of the Dekan of the Faculty in question and of the indi- 
vidual professors may attend lectures at the university. The semi- 
naries and laboratories of certain professors have been opened to 
individual women. Twelve women were attending courses in the 
university as hearers during the winter semester of 1S98-99. 



7 6 



JENA. 



Permission to take the Doctor's examination is granted by the 
Philosophical Faculty, each case being considered separately by the 
Faculty. 

Fees are paid to the Quaestor of the University. The general 

regulations are the same as for other German universities ; see pp. 

62-64. 

Professors and Lecturers. 



Languages. — Indo-Iranian : Profes- 
sors Bezold, Briinnow, Lefman, 
Osthoff, Siitterlin. 
Classical: Professors Crusius, Osthoff, 

Scholl ; Docenl Baumstark. 
English : Professors Hoops, Ihne. 
Germanic : Professors Braune, Kahle, 
Meyer, von Waldberg, Wunderlich ; 
Docents Ehrismann, Waag. 
Romance : Professor Neumann ; Do- 
cents Schneegans, Vossler. 
■Comparative Philology : Professors 

Brandt, Lefman. 
Philosophy : Professors K. Fischer, 

Hensel ; Docent Arnsperger. 
Political Science : Professors Leser, 

Weber ; Docent Kindermann. 

Geography : Professors Hettner, Wolf. 

History : Professors v. Domaszewski, 

Erdmannsdorffer, Kleinschmidt, Koch, 

Neumann, Schlfer, Scherrer ; Docent 

Cartellieri. 

Art and Archaeology : von Duhn, 

Eisenlohr, Thode, Zangemeister. 
Pedagogy: Prof ssor Uhlig. 
Music: Professor Wolfrum. 

SCIENCE. 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
fessors Cantor, Eisenlohr, Koehler, 
Konigsberger, Landsberg, Valentiner, 
Wolf. 

Physics : Professor Quincke ; Docent 
Precht. 

Chemistry : Professors Auwers, Born- 



trager, Briihl, Bunsen, Curtius, Gatter- 
mann, H. Goldschmidt, Horstmann, 
Jannasch, Knovenagel, Krafft ; Docent 
Dittrich. 

Mineralogy: Professors v. Goldschmidt, 
Osann, Rosenbusch. 

Geology : Professors Rosenbusch, Salo- 
mon, Sauer, Schmidt. 

Biology : Professors Askenasy, Biitschli, 
Haller, Koch, Pfitzer, Schuberg ; Do- 
cent Lauterhorn. 

Agriculture : Professor Stengel. 
laii: 
Professors Bekker, Buhl, Jellinek, 

Karlowa, von Kirchenheim, v. Lilienthal, 

Meyer, Schroder, Seng, Strauch; Docents 

Affolter, Hatschek, His, Mittermaier, 

Schmidt. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors Arnold, v. Beck, Cramer, 
Czerny, Dinkier, Erb, Ernst, Ewald, 
Fleiner, Gegenbaur, Gottlieb, Bessel- 
Hagen, Hoffmann, Jordan, Jurasz, Kai- 
ser, Kehrer, Klaatsch, Knauff, Kraepelin, 
Kiihne, Leber, Lossen, Maurer, Oppen- 
heimer, Passow, Schottlander, Vierordt, 
Weiss; Docents Aschaffenberg, Bettmann, 
Brauer, Cohnheim, Fischer, Goppert, 
Hammer, v. Hippel, Marwedel, Nissl, 
Petersen, Schaeffer, Schmidt, Vulpius. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors Bassermann, Deissmann, 
Griitzmacher, Hausrath, Kneucker, 
Lemme, Merx, Rohrhurst, Troeltsch ; 
Docent Schmitthenner. 



JENA, Saxe-Weimar. 
GROSSHERZOGL. UND HERZOGL. SACHSISCHE 
GESAMT-UNIVERSITAT. 
This university, founded in 155S, is under the same general 
regulations as other German universities; see pp. 62-64. 



GERMANY. 



IT 



Women are not allowed to attend lectures at the university, but 
are admitted as candidates for the Doctor's degree provided they 
have attended a university as matriculated students for at least six 
semesters and have had the required previous training. 

Holiday courses for women teachers and others are held by the 
university professors in August. The subjects are philosophy, 
philology, the natural sciences, pedagogy, history of religion, and 
there are courses in the German language and literature for for- 



ARTS. 

Languages. — Semitic : Professor Wil- 

helm ; Docent Hilgenfeld. 

Indo-Iranian : Professors Cappeller, 

Delbriick, Schrader, Vollers, Wil- 

helm. 

Classical : Professors Gelzer, Gotz, 

Hirzel ; Docent Schlosser. 
Germanic : Professors Leitzrnann, 

Michels. 
English : Reader Keller. 
Romance : Professer Cloetta. 
Comparative Philology Professors 

Delbriick, Schrader. 
Philosophy: Professors Eucken, Lieb- 

mann ; Docent Dinger. 
Political Science : Professor Pierstorff ; 

Docent Anton. 
History : Professors Gelzer, Liebenam, 
Lorenz ; Docents Keutgen, Mentz, S. 
Stoy. 
Geography : Professor Dove. 
Art and Archaeology : Professors 
Gaedechens, Noack ; Docent Weber. 
Pedagogy: Professor Rein; Docent Stoy. 



SCIENCE. 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro 



Professors and Lecturers. 

fessors Abbe, Frege, Schaffer, Thomae ; 

Docent Knopf. 
Physics : Professors Auerbach, Schaffer, 

Winkelmann; Docents Duden,Straubel. 
Chemistry : Professors Knorr, Wolff ; 

Docent Gaenge. 
Geology : Professors Linck, Walther ; 

Docent Steuer. 
Biology : Professors Detmer, Haeckel, 

Pick, Stahl, Ziegler. 
Agriculture: Professors Edler, Pfeiffer, 

Settegast. 

LAW. 

Professors Danz, Kniep, Langenbeck, 
Leist, Loning, Rosenthal, Schoen, 
Schultze, Thon. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors v. Bardeleben, Biedermann, 
Binswanger, Engelhardt, Fiirbringer, 
Gartner, Kessel, Krehl, Matthes, Miiller, 
Riedel, Schillbach, Schultze, Seidel, 
Skutsch, Stintzing, Verworn, Wagen- 
mann, Ziehen ; Docents Braus, Gum- 
precht, Hertel, Schulz, Witzel. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors Drews, Hilgenfeld, Nip- 
pold, Seyerlen, Siegfried, Wendt ; Do- 
cents Baentsch, von Dobschiitz. 



KIEL, Prussia. 
KONIGLICHE CHRISTIAN-ALBRECHTS UNIVERSITAT. 

The University of Kiel was founded in 1665. The general 
regulations are the same as those of other German universities ; see 
pp. 62-64. 

Eleven women were attending courses in the university as hearers 
during the winter semester of 1898-99. 



78 



KONIGSBERG. 



Professors and Lecturers. 



ARTS. 

Languages. — Semitic : Professor Hoff- 
mann ; Docent Lidzbarski. 
Indo-Iranian : Professor Oldenberg. 
Classical : Professors Bruns, Schone. 
English : Professor Sarrazin ; Reader 

Gough. 
Germanic : Professors Gering, Kaufif- 
mann ; Docents Groth, Stosch, Uhl, 
Wolff. 
Romance : Professor Korting ; Reader 
Schenk. 
Comparative Philology : Professor 

Oldenberg ; Docent Cauer. 
Philosophy: Professors Deussen, Mar- 

tius ; Docents Adickes. 
Political Science : Professors Has- 

bach, Seelig ; Docent TSnnies. 
Geography : Professor Kriimmel. 
History : Professors Rodenberg, Schir- 

ren, Volquardsen ; Docent Unzer. 
Art and Archaeology : Professors 
Milchhoefer, Matthaei ; Docents Ehr- 
enberg. 
Music : Docent Stange. 

SCIENCE. 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
fessors Harzer, Kreutz, Pochhammer, 
Stackel. 

Physics : Professors Ebert, Karsten, 
Lenard, Weber. 



Chemistry : Professors Claisen, Rug- 

heimer ; Docents Berend, Biltz, Em- 

merling, Stoehr. 
Mineralogy : Professor Lehmann. 
Geology : Professors Haas, Lehmann ; 

Docent Stolley. 
Biology : Professors Brandt, Reinke ; 

Docents Apstein, Karsten, Lohmann, 

Schneidemiihl, Vanhoffen. 
Agriculture : Profes or Rodewald. 



Professors Frantz, Hanel, Kleinfeller, 
Niemeyer, Pappenheim, Schlossmann, 
Weyl ; Docents Leidig, Thomsen. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors Bier, Bockendahl, Falck, 
Fischer, Flemming, Heller, Hensen, 
Hoppe-Seyler, Petersen, Quincke, v. Spee, 
v. Starck, Volckers, Werth ; Docents 
Doehle, Fricke, Glaevecke, Heermann, 
Hochhaus, Holscher, Jessen, Kirch- 
hoff, Klein, Meves, Nicolai, Paulsen, 
Seeger. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors Baumgarten, Bosse, Klos- 
termann, Muhlau, v. Schubert, Titius ; 
Docent Riedel. 



KONIGSBERG, Prussia. 
KONIGLICHE ALBERTUS-UNIVERSITAT. 

The University of Konigsberg was founded in 1544- The gen- 
eral regulations are the same as those of other German universities ; 
see pp. 62-64. Thirty-four women were attending courses in the 
university as hearers in the winter semester, 189S-99. 

Professors and Lecturers. 



ARTS. 

Languages. — Semitic : Professor Jahn; 

Docents Peiser, Rost. 
INDO-IRANIAN : Professor Franke. 
Classical : Professors Brinkmann, 

Friedlander, Jeep, Ludwich, Ross- 

bach ; Docent Tolkiehn. 



English : Professors Kaluza, Kissner. 
Germanic : Professors Baumgart, 

Schade ; Docent Uhl. 
Romance : Professor Kissner ; Reader 
Scharff. 
Comparative Philology : Professor 
Bezzenberger. 



GERMANY. 



79 



Philosophy : Professors Busse, "Walter. 
Political Science : Professors Diehl, 

Gerlach, Umpfenbach. 
History : Professors Erler, Lohmeyer, 

Prutz, Rtihl, Schubert ; Docent Im- 

mich. 
Geography : Professor Hahn. 
Art and Archaeology : Professor 

Handcke ; Docent Ehrenberg. 

SCIENCE. 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
fessors Franz Meyer, Saalschiitz, 
Schoenflies, Struve, Volkmann ; Do- 
cents Cohn, Rahts, Vahlen. 

Physics : Professors Pape, Volkmann ; 
Docent Wiechert. 

Chemistry : Professors Blochmann, 
Klinger, Lossen ; Docents Gutzeit, 
Lowenberg, L5wenherz. 

Mineralogy: Professor Miigge; Docents 
Jentzsch, Schellwien. 

Geology: Docents Jentzsch, Schellwien. 

Biology : Professors Braun, Luerssen ; 
Docent Liihe. 



Agriculture : Professors Backhaus, 
Gisevius ; Docent Rorig. 



Professors Gareis, Gradenwitz, Giiter- 
bock, Salkowski, Schirmer, Zorn; Docent 
Hubrich. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors Berthold, Braun, Caspary, 
v. Eiselsberg, v. Esmarch, Falkenheim, 
Grunhagen, Hermann, Jaffe, Kuhnt, 
Lichtheim, Meschede, Minister, Nau- 
werck, Neumann, Samuel, Schneider, 
Schreiber, Seydel, Stieda, Winter, 
Zander ; Doceitts M. Askanazy, S. Ask- 
anazy, Braatz, Cohn, Dobbelin, Gerber, 
Hallervorden, Heisrath, Hilbert, Jager, 
Kafemann, Lange, Leutert, Miinster, 
Prutz, Rosinski, Stamer, Stetter, Valen- 
tini, Weiss. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors Benrath, Dalmer, Dorner, 
Giesebrecht, Jacoby, Sommer, Voigt ; 
Readers Hoffmann, Lackner, Pelka. 



LEIPZIG, Saxony. 
UNIVERSITAT. 

The University of Leipzig, founded in 1409, is not officially 
-open to women, although women have for a number of years been 
permitted to attend certain courses at the university. They have no 
standing as students and are in no cases granted degrees. Permis- 
sion to attend lectures must be obtained from the Minister of Edu- 
cation in Saxony. In many cases the seminaries and laboratories 
have been opened to women students. 

In the Medical Faculty nearly all the courses except clinical 
courses and all laboratories except the anatomical laboratory have 
been attended by women. 

The general regulations are the same as those of other German 
universities; see pp. 62-64. 

Professors and Lecturers. 



Languages. — Indo-Iranian: Professors 
Lindner, Socin, Windisch ; Docent 
Stumme. 



Oriental : Professors Conrady, Zim- 

mern; Docents Bloch, Schwarz. 
Classical : Professors Cichorius, Im- 



8o 



MARBURG. 



misch, Lipsius, Marx, Schmitt, 
Wachsmuth, Zarncke. 
English : Professor Wiilker ; Reader 

Lake. 
Germanic and Slavonic : Professors 
v. Bahder, Elster, Hirt, Holz, 
Koster, Leskien, Mogk, Scholvin, 
Sievers, Witkowski, Wollner. 
Romance: Profesors Birch-Hirsch- 
feld, F. Settegast, Weigand ; Reader 
Duchesne. 
Comparative Philology : Professor 

Brugmann ; Docent Hirt. 
Philosophy : Professors Barth, Heinze, 
Striimpell, Wundt ; Docents Mentz, 
Richter, Storring, H. Wolff. 
Political Science : Professors Biicher, 
Fricker, Hasse, Stieda ; Docents Lam- 
bert, Pohle, Richter, Walcker. 
History : Professors Biedermann, Buch- 
holz, Cichorius, Gardthausen, Lam- 
precht, Marcks, Seeliger ; Docents 
Brandenburg, Daenell, Gotz, Kaerst, 
Salomon, Sorensen, Weissbach. 
Art and Archaeology : Professors 
Brockhaus, Schmarsow, Schneider, 
Schreiber, Steindorff, Studniczka; Do- 
cent Kautzsch. 
Geography : Professors Ratzel, Sieglin; 

Docents Fischer, Hassert. 
Pedagogy : Professors Barth, Richter, 
Volkelt. 

SCIENCE. 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
fessors Bruns, Engel, Holder, Karl 
Mayer, Neumann, von Oettingen, 
Scheibner ; Docents Hausdorff, Nieper. 

Physics : Professors Drude, Wiedeburg, 
Wiener ; Docents O. Fischer, Knob- 
lauch, Mentz. 

Chemistry : Professors Beckmann, Le 
Blanc, Ostwald, Weddige, Wisli- 
cenus; Docents Euler, Rassow, Stobbe, 
Wagner. 



Geology : Professors Credner, Felix. 
Biology : Professors Ambronn, Chun, 

A. Fischer, Fraisse, Looss, Marshall, 

Pfeffer, Schmidt, Simroth ; Docent 

zur Strassen. 
Mineralogy : Professor Zirkel. 
Agriculture: Professors Eber, Fischer, 

Howard, Kirchner, Strecker. 

LAIV. 

Professors Binding, Burchard, v. De- 
genkolb, Friedberg, Goetz, Haepe, 
Holder, Rieker, Schmidt, Sohm, Stein, 
Strohal, Voigt, Wach ; Docents Engel - 
mann, Kloeppel, Stintzing, Triepel. 

MEDICINE, 

Professors Altmann, Barth, Birch- 
Hirschfeld, Boehm, Carus, Curschmann, 
Eigenbrodt, Fick, Fischer, Flechsig, 
Friedrich, Hagen, Held, Hennig, 
Hering, Hesse, Wilhelm His, Fried- 
rich Albin Hoffmann, Franz Hofmann, 
Kockel, Kolliker, Romberg, Riehl, 
Sanger, Sattler, Schmidt, Schoen, 
Schroeter, Sckwarz, Siegfried, Solt- 
mann, Tillmanns, Trendelenburg, Win- 
ter, Zweifel ; Docents Dolega, Ficker, 
Friedheim, Friedlander, E. P. Friedrich, 
Garten, Haake, Heymann, Wilhelm His, 
Jr. , F. B. Hofmann, Kaestner, Koll- 
mann, Kroenig, Kriickmann, Kiister, 
Lange, von Lesser, Menge, Naumann, 
Passler, Perthes, Schiitz, Tschermak, 
Wagner, Wflms, Windscheid. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors Brieger Dalman, Fricke, 
Gregory, Guthe, Hauck, Heinrici, Hof- 
mann, Kirn, Kittel, Luthardt, Rietschel, 
Schnedermann,Thieme; Docents Bohmer, 
Holscher, Kunze, Seesemann. 

MUSIC. 

Professor Kretzschmar; Docents Priifer, 
Riemann. 



MARBURG, Prussia. 
UNIVERSITAT. 



The University of Marburg, founded in 1527, is open to women 
under the same restrictions as the University of Berlin; see p. 65. 



GERMANY. 



81 



Twenty-three women were attending courses in the university 
as hearers during the summer semester, 1898, and ten during the 
winter semester, 1898-99. 

The general regulations are the same as those of other German 
universities ; see pp. 62—64. 



Professors and Lecturers. 



ARTS. 

Languages. — Semitic : Professor Jen- 
sen. 
Classical : Professors Birt, Maass ; 

Docent Thiele. 
English : Professor Vietor ; Reader 

Tilley. 
Germanic : Professor Schroeder ; Do- 
cent Wrede. 
Romance : Professor Koschwitz ; 
Reader Doutrepont. 
Sanskrit and Comparative Philol- 
ogy : Professors Justi, Kretschmer, 
Docent Finck. 
Philosophy : Professors Bergmann, Co- 
hen, Natorp ; Docent Kuhnemann. 
Political Science : Professors Olden- 
berg, Rathgen ; Docent Waentig. 
History : Professors v. Below, Brandi, 
Konnecke, Niese, von der Ropp ; Do- 
cents Diemar, Judeich, Wenck. 
Geography : Professor Fischer. 
Art and Archeology : Professors von 
Drach, von Sybel. 

SCIENCE. 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
fessors Feussner, Hess, Schottky ; Do- 
cent v. Dalwigk. 



Physics : Professors Feussner, Melde. 

Chemistry : Professors Fittica, Rathke, 
Schmidt, Zincke ; Docents Fritsch, 
Gadamer, Schaum, Schenck. 

Mineralogy : Professor Bauer. 

Geology : Professor Kayser. 

Biology : Professors Kohl, Korschelt, 
Meyer ; Docent Brauer. 



Professors Enneccerus, Lehmann, 
Leonhard, Sartorius, Trager, Wochen- 
feld, Westerkamp ; Docent Meyer. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors Ahlfeld, Behring, Disse, 
Enderlen, Gasser, Hess, v. Heusinger, 
Kossel, Kiister, Lahs, Mannkopff, Mar- 
chand, Meyer, Miiller, Nebelthau, Ost- 
mann, Tuczek, Wernicke; Docents Al- 
brecht, Buchholz, Heine, Kuhne, Saxer, 
Zumstein. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors Achelis, von Baudissin, 
Cremer, Herrmann, Jiilicher, Mirbt, 
Weiss, Werner; Docents Bauer, Kraetzsch- 



MUNICH, Bavaria. 
KONIGL. LUDWIG-MAXIMILIANS-UNIVERSITAT. 

The university was founded in 1472, and is under the same gen- 
eral regulations as the other German universities; see pp. 62—64. 

Advanced women students are allowed to attend certain lectures 
at the university as hearers provided that they can prove that they 
are sufficiently prepared. Application for admission should be 
made to the Minister of Education in Munich. 



82 



MUNICH. 



Professors and. Lecturers. 



Languages. — Semitic: Professor Horn- 
mel ; Docent Dyroff. 
I ndo- Iranian : Professors Kuhn, von 
der Schulenberg ; Docents Scher- 
mann, Simon. 
Chinese: Docent 'von der Schulenberg. 
Classical : Professors v. Christ, v. 
Midler, v.Woelfflin; Docents Drerup, 
Oehmichen, von der Pfordten, 
Traube, Weyman. 
Byzantine and Modern Greek : 

Professor Krumbacher. 
English : Professor Schick ; Docent 

Sieper ; Reader Blinkhorn. 
Germanic: Professors Muncker, Paul; 

Docents Borinski, Woerner. 
ROMANCE : Professor Breymann ; Do- 
cent Hartmann ; Reader Pirson. 
History of Modern Literature : 

Professor Woerner. 
Comparative Philology : Professor 

Kuhn. 
Philosophy : Professors Guttler, von 

Hertling, Lipps ; Docent Cornelius. 
Political Science : Professors Bren- 
tano, Gayer, Lotz, v. Mayr ; Docent 
Wasserrab. 
History : Professors Friedrich, Grauert, 
v. Heigel, Oberhummer, Riezler, Si- 
monsfeld ; Docents Doeberl, Mayr, 
Traube. 
Geography : Professor Oberhummer. 
Art and Arch/eology : Professors 
Furtwangler, Riehl, Riggauer ; Do- 
cents Bulle, Weese. 



Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
fessors Bauer, Ebermayer, Lindemann, 
Pringsheim, Seeliger; Docents Anding, 
Brunn, Doehlemann, Erk, Korn, v. 
Weber. 

Physics : Professors Graetz, von Lom- 
mel ; Docent Donle. 

Chemistry : Professors v. Baeyer, Hof- 
mann, Hilger, Koenigs, Muthmann, 
Thiele ; Docents Bergeat, Dieckmann, 
Rothmund, Willstatter. 



Mineralogy : Professor Groth. 
Geology : Professors Rothpletz, von 

Zittel ; Docents Pompeckj, Wein- 

schenk. 
Biology : Professors Goebel, Hartig, 

Hertwig, Radlkofer, Ranke, Selenka ; 

Docents Giesenhagen, Hefele, Hofer, 

Maas, Pauly, Solereder, v. Tubeuf. 
Agriculture : Professors Ebermayer, 

Endres, Mayer, Pauly, Weber 



Professors v. Amira, v. Bechmann, 
Birkmeyer, Grueber, Harburger, Hell- 
mann, Loewenfeld, v. Maurer, v. Planck, 
Seuffert, v. Seuffert, v. Seydel, v. Sich- 
erer, v. Stengel, Ullmann. 



Professors J. Amann, Angerer, Bauer, 
Bezold, Bollinger, Hans Buchner, L. A. 
Buchner, Bumm, Emmerich, Herzog, 
Klausner, v. Kupffer, Messerer, Moritz, 
Oeller, Oertel, v. Pettenkofer, Posselt, v. 
Ranke, Rieder, v. Rothmund, Ruckert, 
Schech, Seitz, v. Striimpell, Tappeiner, 
v. Voit, v. Winckel, v. Ziemssen ; Do- 
cents J. A. Amann, Barlow, Brandl, 
Cremer, Durck, Fessler, Frank, Gudden, 
Hahn, Haug, Hecker, Hofer, Klein, 
Kopp, Krummacher, Lange, v. Liebig, 
May, Mollier, Neumayer, Passet, Port, 
Salzer, Schloesser, Schmauss, Schmitt, 
Schonwerth, Seydel, v. Sicherer, Sitt- 
mann, v. Stubenrauch, Stumpf, Trumpp, 
Voit, Wolfsteiner, Ziegenspeck, Ziegler. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors Atzberger, Bach, Barden- 
hewer, Knoepfler, Andreas Schmid, 
Alois Ritter v. Schmid, Schoenfelder, 
Silbernagl, Wirthmiiller; Docents Dausch, 
Holzhey. 

MUSIC. 

Docents Sandberger, v. d. Pfordten. 



GERMANY. 83 

ROSTOCK, Mecklenberg. 
GROSSHERZOGLICHE UNIVERSITAT. 

The University of Rostock has in individual cases permitted 
women who make teaching a profession to attend certain lec- 
tures of the Philosophical Faculty. Permission must be obtained 
from the Rector, the Vice-Chancellor and the professor concerned. 
The Ministry has asked for information in regard to these women 
students, and for the present the question of the admission of 
women to the university remains in abeyance. 

The university was founded in 141 9 and is under the same gen- 
eral regulations as the other German universities; see pp. 62-64. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

ar ts. Mineralogy : Professor Geinitz. 

Languages. — Indo-Iranian : Professor Geology : Professor Geinitz. 

Philippi. Biology : Professors Falkenberg, See- 

Classical: Professors^. Arnim, Kern. liger, Will ; Docent Hegler 

Germanic : Professor Golther. Agriculture : Professor Heinrich. 
Romance : Professors Lindner, Zenker ; 

Docent Robert. ' 

Philosophy: Professor Ehrhardt. _ Professors Bernhoft, v. Blume, 

Political Science: Professor Waentig. GefFcken, Lehmann, Matthiass, Sachsse. 

History : Professor Schirrmacher ; Do- medicine 

Art and Archeology : Professor Professors Axenfeld, Barfurth, Garre, 

Korte. Gies, Kobert, Korner, Langendorff, Lu- 

science. barsch, Martius, Pfeiffer, Schatz, Schu- 

_ chardt, Albert Thierfelder, Theodor 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Thierfelder . Docents Reinke , Ri ck er. 

f ess or Staude. 

Physics : Professors Matthiessen,Wachs- theology. 

Cilemlstry : Professor Michaelis ; Do- s ^J B ^ B « en ' Koeni S' N5s § en ' 
cent Stoermer. ' 

STRASSBUKG, Alsace. 
KAISER-WILHELMS-UNIVERSITAT. " 

The University of Strassburg, founded in 1567, is not officially 
open to women. By the special permission of certain professors 
and without the sanction of the Ministry one or two advanced 
women students have been admitted, as a great exception, to cer- 
tain of the university courses. 

The general regulations are the same as those of other German 
universities; see pp. 62-64. 



8 4 



TOBINGEN. 



Professors and Lecturers. 



Languages. — Semitic : Professors Exit- 
ing, Keil, Landauer, Noldeke ; Do- 
cent Schwally. 
Indo-Iranian : Professor Leumann. 
Classical : Professors Friedlander, 
Keil, Michaelis, Reitzenstein, 
Schwartz, Thramer; Doeents Heinze, 
Miller. 
English: Professor Koeppel; Reader 

Robertson. 
Germanic : Professors Henning, Mar- 
tin ; Doeents Joseph, Rohrig. 
Romance : Professor Grober ; Reader 
Lopez. 
Comparative Philology : Professor 

Hubschmann. 
Philosophy : Professors Windelband, 

Ziegler. 
Political Science : See Law and Pol- 
itical Science. 
History: Professors Bresslau, Neumann, 
Varrentrapp, Wiegand; Doeents Bloch, 
Kromayer, Ludwig, Sackur. 
Geography : Professor Gerland ; Do- 
cent Hergesell. 
Art and Archeology : Professor 
Dehio, Michaelis ; Doeents Heinze, 
Leitschuh, Spiegelberg. 



Chemistry : Professors Erlenmeyer, Fit- 
tig, Rose, Schaer ; Docent Cantor. 

Mineralogy : Docent Bruhns. 

Geology : Professors Benecke, Bucking; 
Docent Tornquist. 

Biology : Professors Doderlein, Goette, 
Jost, Solms-Laubach. 

LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. 

Law : Professors van Calker, Heimber- 
ger, Laband, Lenel, Mayer, Merkel, 
Schultze, Sickel, v. Tuhr, Wlassak, 
Zimmermann. 

Political Science : Professors Knapp, 
von Mayr, von Waltershausen ; Docent 
Wittich. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors Bayer, Cahn, Ewald, F. E. 
Fischer, F. Fischer, Forster, W. A. 
Freund, Fiirstner, Goltz, Hofmeister, 
Kohts, Kuhn, Laqueur, Ledderhose, 
Levy, Madelung, Minkowski, Naunyn, 
Pfitzner, v. Recklinghausen, Schmiede- 
berg, Schwalbe, Stilling, Ulrich, Wolff; 
Doeents Dreyfuss, Ehret, H. Freund, 
Gerhardt, Hoche, Jacobj, Jessen, Klein, 
Manasse, Schmidt, Siegert. 



Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
fessors Becker, Krazer, Reye, Roth, 
Timerding, Weber, Wellstein, Wisli- 
cenus ; Doeents Kobold. 

Physics : Professors Braun, Cohn ; Do- 
cent Cantor. 



Professors Budde, Ficker, Holtzmann, 
Lobstein, Lucius, Mayer, Nowack, 
Smend, Spitta ; Docent Anrich. 

MUSIC. 

Professor Jacobsthal. 



TUBINGEN, Wurttemberg. 
KONIGLICHE EBERHARD-KARLS UNIVERSITAT- 

The University of Tubingen was founded in 1477. The general 
regulations are the same as those of other German universities ; see 
pp. 62-64. 

Permission to attend lectures at the university is, in exceptional 
cases, granted to women by the Minister of Education in Stuttgart 
on application from the Academic Senate. As regards granting 



GERMANY. 



85 



the Doctor's degree to women, the faculty and Chancellor decide in 
special cases. One woman has obtained the degree of Doctor in 
the department of Natural Science. 



Professors and Lecturers. 



ARTS. 

Languages. — Semitic : Docent Seybold. 

Indo-Iranian : Professor Garbe. 

Classical : Professors von Herzog, 
Schmid. 

English : Professor Franz. 

Germanic : Professors Fischer, Lange; 
Docent Bohnenberger. 

Romance: Professors Pfau, Voretzsch. 
Comparative Philology : Professor 

Garbe. 
Philosophy : Professors v. Pfleiderer, v. 

Sigwart, Spitta ; Docent Maier. 
Political Science : Professors An- 

schiitz, von Jolly, Leemann, Lorey, v. 

Neumann, von SchSnberg, Speidel, 

Troltsch. 
History : Professors Buscb, v. Heine- 

mann ; Docents Ernst, Giinter, Mar- 
quart. 
Art and Archaeology : Professors 

Lange, von Schwabe. 
Pedagogy : Docent Treuber. 

SCIENCE. 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
fessors v. Brill, Maurer, Stahl, Waitz. 

Physics : Professors Oberbeck, Waitz. 

Chemistry : Professors v. Hiifner, Paul, 
v. Pechmann; Docents Btilow, Kiister, 
Mayer. 



Mineralogy : Professor Koken ; Docent 
Wulfing. 

Geology : Professor Koken. 

Biology : Professors Blochmann, Hegel- 
maier, Vochting ; Docents Correns, 
Hesse, Mayer, Schmid. 

Agriculture : Professors Buhler, Lee- 
mann. 



Professors v. Franklin, Gaupp, Geib, 
v. Mandry, v. Meyer, Rumelin, v. Seeger, 
v. Thudichum, Wendt. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors v. Baumgarten, v. Bruns, 
Dennig, Doderlein, Froriep, Griitzner, 
von Jiirgensen, v. Liebermeister, v. Len- 
hossek, Oesterlen, Schleich, Siemerling, 
Vierordt, Winternitz, Wagenhaeuser ; 
Docents Burker, Dietrich, Griinert, Henke, 
Hofmeister, Kiittner, Qurin, Sarway, 
Walz, Wickel. 

THEOLOGY. 

Protestant: Professors von Buder,Gott- 
schick, Grill, Haring, Hegler, Schlat- 
ter, v. Weizsacker; Docent Metzger. 

Roman Catholic : Professors Belser, 
von Funk, Koch, Sagmuller, Schanz, 
Vetter ; Docent Mohler. 



WURZBURG, Bavaria. 
KONIGLICHE JULIUS-MAXIMILIANS UNIVERSITAT. 

The University of Wtirzburg was founded in 1402. Women are 
not generally admitted to the university, but in special cases may 
attend lectures if they obtain the consent of the Minister of Educa- 
tion and of the professor whose courses they wish to hear. 

The general regulations are the same as those of other German 
universities; see pp. 62-64. 



86 



WURZBURG. 



Professors and Lecturers. 



Languages. — Indo-Iranian : Professor 

Jolly. 

Classical : Professors Grasberger, 
Schanz, Sittl. 

English : Professor Forster. 

Germanic: Professor Brenner; Docent 
Rotteken. 

Romance : Professor Stiirzinger ; Do- 
cent Hartmann ; Reader Soisky. 
Comparative Philology : Professor 

Jolly. 
Philosophy : Professors Kiilpe, Stolzle ; 

Docenls Marbe, Neudecker. 
Political Science: (See Law and 

Political Science). 
History: Professors Chroust, Henner, 

Unger. 
Geography : Professor Regel ; Docent 

Ehrenburg. 
Pedagogy : Professor Grasberger. 



Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
fessors Prym, Selling, Voss ; Docent 
Haussner. 

Physics : Professors Medicus, Rontgen, 
Zehnder ; Docent Wien. 



Chemistry : Professors Hantzsch, Me- 
dicus, Tafel, Wislicenus ; Docent 
Reitzenstein. 

Geology : Professor Beckenkamp. 

Biology : Professors Boveri, Kraus ; 
Docents Hauptfleisch, Spemann. 

LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. 

Law : Professors v. Burckhard, Mayer, 
Meurer, Piloty, Oetker, Schollmeyer ; 
Docents Binder, Knapp. 

Political Science : Professor Schanz. 



Professors Fick, Geigel, Helfreich, 
Hoffa, Hofmeier, Kirchner, v. Kolliker, 
Lehmann, v. Leube, Matterstock, v. 
Michel, Riedinger, Rieger, v. Rind- 
fleisch, Rosenberger, Schonborn, Schultze, 
Seifert, Stohr ; Docents Arens, Bach, 
Borst, Dieudonne, v. Franque, Heiden- 
hain, Michel, Muller, Nieberding, 
Schenck, Sobotta, Stubenrath. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors Abert, Braun, Gopfert, 
Kihn, Merkle, Schell, Scholz, Stahl, 
Weber. 



GREAT BRITAIN. 87 

GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 
ENGLAND AND WALES. 

There are six universities in England and Wales : Cam- 
bridge, Durham, London, Oxford, Victoria and the Univer- 
sity of Wales. These are in the main examining bodies and 
confer degrees on the results of examinations held by the ex- 
aminers on their staff. Candidates are prepared for these 
examinations by colleges affiliated with the different univer- 
sities. In British universities the candidate for the Bachelor's 
and Master's degrees may usually choose whether he will take 
the 'pass' or 'honours' examinations. The honours ex- 
aminations vary greatly from the pass examinations both 
in standard and in the amount of specialisation required. 
At the universities of Oxford and Cambridge the honours ex- 
aminations for the degree of B.A. are entirely special, the 
candidate being examined in mathematics, or in classics, or in 
natural science or in whatever branch he may select. There 
seems to be a tendency, at any rate at Cambridge, to reduce 
the amount of specialisation ; a few years ago the mathe- 
matical ' Tripos ' or honours examination was widened by the 
addition of some physical subjects. A proposal to require 
some knowledge of art and literature in the classical tripos 
has, however, just been defeated. At Oxford and Cambridge 
the universities appoint professors and lecturers who give lec- 
tures open to all students, but the greater part of the teaching 
is arranged for by the college authorities. London is at pres- 
ent merely an examining university, but after long discussion 
it has been decided to make it also a teaching university. 



88 CAMBRIDGE. 

CAMBRIDGE, England. 
THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE. 

The University of Cambridge, founded in the 12th century, is a 
corporation which provides instruction in the various branches of 
knowledge and confers degrees in arts, science, law, medicine, 
theology and music on candidates who have fulfilled certain condi- 
tions in regard to residence at specified colleges and passed certain 
examinations. There are in Cambridge seventeen colleges and two 
public hostels for men students and there are a few non-collegiate 
students. Each college and hostel has its own staff of lecturers 
and tutors, and though university lectures given by university 
professors and lecturers are open to members of all the colleges, 
college lectures are in some cases open to students of specified col- 
leges only. Preparation for the degree of B.A. occupies, in gen- 
eral, three years, only half of each year being spent in residence. 
A student who has obtained the B.A. degree undergoes no further 
examination for the degree of M.A. Persons over twenty-one 
years of age who present a diploma or certificate of graduation at a 
university are admitted as "Advanced Students" and permitted to 
pursue courses of advanced study or research under the guidance of 
the Degree Committee. They are allowed to take Tripos examina- 
tions after a shorter period of residence than is required of ordinary 
undergraduate students and may proceed to obtain a degree or a 
" certificate of research." They must apply to the registrary before 
the first of October for permission to become advanced students, 
and must be members of a college or hostel or of the body of non- 
collegiate students. 

Women who desire to attend lectures in Cambridge must enter 
as students one of the two colleges for women in Cambridge, 
Girton College or Newnham College, residence at which confers 
certain privileges. 

Women students who reside at Girton College (see p. 91), 
Newnham College (see pp. 92-93), or in Cambridge, as "out- 
students " of one of these colleges, are admitted, with a few 
exceptions, to all the university lectures, to certain of the college 



GREAT BRITAIN. 89 

lectures and to most of the laboratories and museums. Women are, 
by special permission, allowed to read in the university library. 

Women who have fulfilled, in connection with one of the above 
mentioned colleges, the conditions respecting length of residence 
and standing which men students are required to fulfil have been 
admitted, since 18S1, to the Previous and Tripos (J. <?., honours) 
examinations of the university. 

After each examination the examiners publish a list of the suc- 
cessful candidates, arranged either in classes and divisions or num- 
bered in order of merit. The names of the men and women stu- 
dents are on separate lists, but the position taken by the women 
with reference to the men is shown and the standard is the same 
for each. 

The question of granting degrees to women who have passed 
these examinations was brought before the Senate in 1896, and after 
a long discussion of the evidence collected by a syndicate appointed 
by the Senate it was proposed that women who had fulfilled the 
ordinary requirements for the B. A. and M. A. and higher 
degrees should be granted the titles of these degrees. This pro- 
posal was voted on on May 21st, 1897, and rejected by 1707 votes 
to 661. 

The regulations regarding advanced students do not technically 
include women students, but there is a hall of residence for women 
graduate students (see pp. 94-95). 

All applications for admission to the university lectures, etc., are 
made by the authorities of Girton and Newnham colleges on behalf 
of the students, and all fees are paid and arrangements made by 
these authorities. 

There are three terms in each year : the Michaelmas term, begin- 
ning in the middle of October and lasting nine weeks ; the Lent 
term, beginning in the middle of January, lasting eight weeks ; and 
the Easter term, beginning in the middle of April, lasting eight 
weeks. 



9° 



CAMBRIDGE. 



University Professors and Lecturers and College Lecturers. 



ARTS. 

Languages. — Semitic and Indo-Ira- 
NIAN : Professors Bevan, Cowell, 
Giles, Kirkpatrick, Rieu ; Drs. 
Barnes, Schechter; Messrs. Aldridge, 
Browne, Chapman, Frost, Kennett, 
McLean, Neil, Sherlock, Strong, 
Towers, Wyatt. 
Classical : Professors Jebb, Mayor ; 
Drs. Jackson, Peile, Postgate, Reid, 
Sandys ; Messrs. Abbott, Adam, 
Archer-Hind, Cooke, Davies, Dims- 
dale, Edwards, Giles, Gill, Graves, 
A. Gray, J. H.Gray, Hadley, Hicks, 
Leaf, Lendrum, Levin, Miles, Neil, 
Rackham, Roberts, Shuckburgh, 
Sikes, Thompson, Tottenham, War- 
dale, Wedd, Whibley, Wyse. 
English : Professors Dowden, Skeat ; 
Messers. Comber, Giles, Gollancz, 
Morier Hinde, Magmisson, Wyatt. 
Germanic : Dr. Breul ; Mr. Wolsten- 

holme. 
Russian : Mr. Schnurmann. 
Romance : Messrs. Boquel, Braun- 
holtz, Comber, Morier Hinde, Kast- 
ner, Oelsner, Tilley, Wyatt. 
Comparative Philology : Dr. Post- 
gate ; Messrs. Breul, Chadwick, Giles. 
Philosophy : Professors Sidgwick, 
Ward ; Dr. Keynes ; Messrs. Johnson, 
Levin, McTaggart, Rivers, Russell, 
Stout. 
Political Science: Professors Marshall, 
Sidgwick ; Messrs. Berry, Browning, 
Foxwell, Green, Levin. 
History : Professors Lord Acton, Gwat- 
kin, Maitland, Westlake ; Drs. Cun- 
ningham, Walker ; Messrs. Archbold, 
Browning, Corbett, Dickinson, Evans, 
Figgis, Hammond, Heitland, Leathes, 
Miles, Moriarty, Mullinger, Oldham, 
Reddaway, Shuckburgh, Tanner, 
Thornely, Tilley, Whitney. 
Art and Arch/eology : Professors 
Ridgeway, Waldstein ; Messrs. E. A. 
Gardner, Haddon, Roberts. 

SCIENCE. 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
fessors Sir R. S. Ball, Darwin, For- 



syth; Drs. Glaisher, Hobson, Lachlan; 
Messrs. Baker, Bennett, Berry, Coates, 
Herman, Hinks, Lamb, Love, Munro, 
Pendlebury, Richmond, Webb, White- 
head. 

Physics : Professors Ewing, Sir G. G. 
Stokes, Thomson ; Messrs. Bryan, 
Capstick, W. E. Dalby, D'Arcy, Fitz- 
patrick, Glazebrook, Griffiths, Larmor, 
Munro, Peace, Shaw, Skinner, Walker, 
Whetham, Wilberforce. 

Chemistry : Professors Dewar, Liveing; 
Messrs. Adie, Dickson, Easterfield, 
Fenton, Heycock, R. M. Lewis, Mor- 
rell, Neville, Pattison Muir, Ruhe- 
mann, Scott, Sell, Spivey. 

Mineralogy : Professor Lewis ; Mr. 
Hutchinson. 

Geology : Professor Hughes ; Messrs. 
Harker,Marr, Oldham, Seward, Woods. 

Biology, Physiology, etc. : Professors 
Foster, Macalister, Newton, Ward ; 
Drs. Barclay-Smith, Gaskell, Hill, 
Langley, Melsome, Rivers, Shore ; 
Messrs. Blackman, Burkill, Cunning- 
ham, Darwin, Duckworth, Eichholz, 
Ellis, Gadow, Gardiner, Hardy, Har- 
mer, Higgins, Hopkins, Kempson, Lis- 
ter, Sedgwick, Seward, Shipley, War- 
burton, Woods. 

Engineering : Professor Ewing; Messrs. 
Hartree, Lamb, Peace, Peel. 

Agriculture : Messrs. Easterfield, 
Wood. 

LAW. 

Professors Clark, Maitland, Sir R. 
West, Westlake ; Drs. Anningson, Bate, 
Bond, Gordon Campbell, Kenny, Law- 
rence, Walker, Waraker ; Messrs. Bar- 
low, Buckland, Harris, Higgins, Monro, 
Whittaker, Wright. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors Allbutt, Bradbury, Kan- 
thock ; Drs. Anningson, Barlow, Cory, 
Macalister ; Messrs. Douty, Griffiths, 
Marshall, Pigg, Stabb, Wherry. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors Gwatkin, Kirkpatrick, Ma- 
son, Robinson, Ryle, Stanton, Swete ; 



GREA T BR IT A IN. 91 

Drs. Barnes, Chase, Watson ; Messrs. McNeile, Murray, Parry, Forbes Robin- 
Barlow, Bethune-Baker, Blenkin, son, Srawley. 
Boughey, Brooke, Chapman, Foakes- music. 
Jackson, Fulford, Gore, Gray Harris, Professor Stanford; Drs. Garrett, 
Headlam, Jackson, Knight, McLean, Wood 

GIRTON COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE. 

This college, which took its origin in a home for women students 
opened in 1S69 by Miss Emily Davies at Hitchin, about eighteen 
miles from Cambridge, is open to women only, and provides in- 
struction for the Previous and Tripos examinations of the University 
of Cambridge. (See pp. 88-89.) There is one large hall of resi- 
dence, situated about one and a half miles from Cambridge, pro- 
viding accommodation for the mistress, Miss Welsh, seven resident 
lecturers and about one hundred students. 

Students are not admitted under the age of eighteen, and before 
entering they are required to pass the Girton College entrance ex- 
amination or an equivalent examination. 

Though no definite regulation is made in regard to the matter, 
duly qualified American women have been occasionally admitted, 
when space permitted, without examination and without undertak- 
ing the whole three years' course. 

Some Tripos examinations may be taken after two ; others only 
after three years of residence, but students are expected to reside 
in the college for three years. There are three terms in each year 
corresponding to the university terms (see p. 89). 

The charge for board, lodging and tuition is £35 ($175) a term, 
and this covers all university and college charges. Each student 
has a bedroom and sitting room, or one large room divided. Stu- 
dents who desire to reside at the college during the long vacation 
may do so during July and August at a charge of £14 ($70), for 
four weeks or £20 ($100) for six weeks. 

There are numerous scholarships varying in value from £17 12s. 
($88) to £80 ($400) a year for three or four years. These are 
awarded on the results of special examinations. 

For further information apply to the secretary, Miss Shore 
Nightingale, i i Queensborough Terrace, Bayswater, London, W. 



92 CAMBRIDGE. 

Lecturers. 

In addition to the university lectures attended by students of Girton College in Cambridge (see 
p. 90), lectures and individual instruction were given during 1897-98 at the college 4 by the following 
lecturers : 

ARTS. SCIENCE. 

Languages.— Classical : Dr. Postgate; Mathematics : Messrs. Dodds, Love, 

Messrs. Adam, Conway, Cooke, Munro, Whitehead, Young; Misses 

Dickinson, Duff, Earp, Graves, Hardcastle Meyer. 

Hicks. Leaf, Lendrum, Miles, Moul- Biology, Chemistry, Etc.: Misses 

ton, Pretor, Sikes ; Mrs. Adam ; Da i e> Greenwood, Marshall, Saunders, 

Misses Alford, Jex-Blake, Taylor. Sedewick. 

Mediaeval and Modern : Drs. theology. 

Braunholtz, Breul, Boquel ; Misses _„ _ , 

Hensley, Kennedy, Steele Smith. Mlss Ta y lor > Mr - Graves - 

Philosophy and Political Science : music 

Mr. Johnson ; Miss Constance Jones. n w , 

History: Miss Mc Arthur; Messrs. " ° 0, 
Clapham, Dickinson, Green. 

NEWNHAM COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE. 

This college, which took its origin in a home for women stu- 
dents opened by Miss Clough in 1871, is open to women only and 
provides instruction for the Previous and Tripos examinations of 
the University of Cambridge (see pp. S8-S9). It consists of three 
halls of residence, situated about five minutes' walk from the 
centre of Cambridge, and accommodating about 150 students in 
addition to the principal, vice-principals and resident lecturers. 
The principal is Mrs. Henry Sidgwick ; the vice-principals and 
heads of the different halls are Miss Katharine Stephen, Miss 
Mary E. Rickett and Miss B. A. Clough. 

Students are not admitted under the age of eighteen, except in 
special cases ; they are required to give satisfactory references and 
to pass, before entering, the Newnham College entrance examina- 
tion or an equivalent examination. In exceptional cases women 
who do not reside in the college are admitted as out-students. 

Though no definite regulation is made in regard to the matter, 
duly qualified American women are admitted, when space permits, 
without examination and without undertaking the whole three years' 
course. 

The year is divided into three terms, corresponding to the uni- 
versity terms (see p. 89). 



GREAT BRITAIN. 93 

The fees for board, lodging and tuition vary from twenty-five 
guineas ($1.31.25) to thirty-two guineas ($168) a term. These do 
not include fees for laboratories or for university examinations. 

Students residing in the college, by the advice of the principal, 
during the long vacation, pay a guinea ($5.25) a week for board 
and lodging. This does not include tuition. 

Various scholarships of £35 ($175), £40 ($200) and £50 ($250) 
a year for one, two or three years are awarded under special condi- 
tions and in general on the results of examinations. There are two 
studentships of £75 ($375) and £80 ($400) a year awarded, one to 
a student who has passed the Natural Science Tripos with credit, 
the other to a student who has finished her college course and shows 
ability to carry on advanced independent work. There is also a 
research fellowship, the Geoffrey Fellowship, of £100 ($500) a 
year for three years, open to women who have obtained honours in a 
Cambridge Tripos examination or in the Oxford Final Schools. 

For further information apply to the hon. secretary, Miss M. G. 
Kennedy, Shenstone, Cambridge, from whom a pamphlet giving 
a detailed account of the Tripos examinations may be obtained. 

Lecturers. 

In addition to the university lectures attended by students of Newnham College in Cambridge 
(see p. go), lectures and individual instruction were given during 1897-98 at Newnham College by 
the following lecturers : 

Air. Johnson, Miss Jones ; Mrs. Mar- 

arts. shall, Mrs. Ward. 

Languages. — Classical : Mr. Archer- History : Miss Bateson ; Mr. Clapham, 

Hind, Mrs. Archer- Hind, Messrs. Miss Gardner ; Mr. Reddaway. 
A. B. Cook, Davies, Moulton, 

Rackham, Misses Sharpley, White, science. 

Mr. Willson, Mrs. Verrall, Mr. Mathematics : Mr. Carson, Misses Col- 

Wedd. lier, Fawcett, Messrs. Godfrey, Gun- 

Medi^eval and Modern : Mess?-s. Bo- ston, Misses Johnson, Rickett. 

quel, Braunholtz, Breul, Chadwick, Natural Sciences : Misses Alcock, 
Misses J. E. Kennedy, Macleod Durham, Freund, Gostling, Green- 
Smith, Mr. Magmisson ; Misses wood, Mr. Kerr, Misses Klaassen, 
Steele Smith, Tuke, Mr. Wyatt. Marshall, Philipps, Saunders, Sheldon, 

Philosophy and Political Science : Skeat, Mr. Wade. 



94 CAMBRIDGE. 

WOMEN'S HALL OF RESIDENCE, CAMBRIDGE. 
[For Students Engaged in Post-Graduate Work.] 

The Women's Hall of Residence was opened in October, 1897, 
under the direction of Miss E. A. Mc Arthur, with a view to meet- 
ing the desire felt by an increasing number of students engaged in 
post-graduate work to secure the advantages of association with 
other students and of assistance, if required, in the pursuit of their 
studies. During the academic year, 1S96-7, a private experiment 
of this kind was undertaken by Miss E. A. McArthur with suffi- 
ciently satisfactory results to warrant a trial on a more formal basis. 

Students are, in general, required to have taken a degree of some 
university, or to have passed an examination qualifying for such a 
degree, and must present testimonials satisfactory to the Committee. 
They must also furnish a statement both of their previous course of 
study and of the line of work which they propose to pursue. 

The inclusive charge for board and residence during the aca- 
demic year (three terms of nine weeks each) is from JE50 ($250) 
to £60 ($300), according to the rooms chosen, and is payable in 
advance. This does not include fees for lectures or any other form 
of tuition. In exceptional cases students will be received for one 
or two terms upon payment at a slightly higher rate. Provision 
may also be made, when necessary, for residence during the 
vacations. 

A Studentship of the value of £50 ($250) to be held at the Hall 
will, it is hoped, be awarded by the Committee yearly, provided that, 
in the opinion of the Committee, a candidate of sufficient merit 
present herself. 

Any woman who has taken a university degree, or has passed an 
examination qualifying for such a degree, or who submits satisfac- 
tory testimonials of fitness to profit by the work is eligible for the 
Studentship. Each candidate is required to describe the course of 
study or research which she intends to pursue, and to give two ref- 
erences as to ability and character. 

The student will be elected in the first instance for one year, and 
will be required to report to the Committee upon the work in 



GREAT BRITAIN. 95 

which she has been engaged It is understood that the student will 
not undertake paid work during the tenure of the Studentship 
without the special permission of the Committee. The tenure of 
the Studentship will be from October 1st, and it will be paid 
terminally in advance. 

Applications for the Studentship should be sent before July 10th 
to Miss Ellen A. McArthur, Girton College, Cambridge, from 
whom further particulars in regard to the Hall may be obtained. 

Committee. 

Rev. W. Cunningham, D. D., Fellow and Lecturer of Trinity 
College ; Hon. Fellow of Gonville and Caius College ( Chairman) . 

Arthur Berry, M. A., Fellow and Assistant Tutor of King's 
College. 

Miss E. C. Jones, Vice-Mistress and Lecturer of Girton College. 

Miss M. G. Kennedy, Hon. Secretary of Newnham College. 

Miss Ellen A. McArthur, late Vice-Mistress of Girton College ; 
Head Lecturer in History, Girton College. 

R. D. Roberts, M. A., late Fellow of Clare College; Secretary 
for Lectures to the Local Examinations and Lectures Syndicate. 

DURHAM, England. 
THE UNIVERSITY OF DURHAM. 

This university, opened in 1833, is situated in Durham, and is 
an examining body, conferring degrees in Arts, Science, Law, 
Medicine, Theology and Music. In 1895 a supplementary charter 
was granted enabling the university to grant degrees to women in 
all the faculties except that of Theology. 

The colleges and halls in Durham are colleges for men to which 
women are not admitted. Men students are expected to reside in 
one of the halls or colleges or to reside in some house approved 
by the Warden and Proctors. Attendance at the classes of the 
Durham School of Medicine in Newcastle and at the classes of the 
Durham College of Science in Newcastle is allowed, with certain 
restrictions, to count as residence at Durham, and to qualify stu- 
dents to enter for the degrees of the university. The degree of 



96 LONDON. 

B.Litt. was instituted recently and maybe obtained after two years' 
residence. The degree of B.A. is not generally taken in less 
than three years, though residence for more than six terms is not re- 
quired. 

Arrangements have now been made for admitting women to lec- 
tures at the University of Durham. A hostel was opened in Oc- 
tober, 1896, and women were enabled to go into residence at once. 
All students wishing to qualify for a degree must reside for at least 
two years in Durham or Newcastle and attend lectures either at the 
University of Durham, the Durham College of Science in New- 
castle or the Durham School of Medicine in Newcastle. Up to the 
present women are working in Durham for the degrees of B.A. and 
M.A. only. Women are admitted as students in music at the 
University of Durham. Those working for degrees in Science, 
Literature and Medicine (B.Sc, B.Litt., M.B., M.D., etc.) are 
studying at Newcastle. The Durham College of Science in New- 
castle (see under Local Colleges, pp. 105-106) is open to women. 

The year is divided into three terms of eight or nine weeks' dur- 
ation, beginning in October, January and the end of April. 

The fees are very low; entrance fee £2 ($10), tuition fees £7 
($35) per term, fees for examination from £1 ($5) to £10.10 
($52.50). A composition fee of £70 ($350) is charged for the 
complete five years' course in Medicine. 

The terms for board and residence at one of the women's hostels 
are from £1.1 ($5.25) to £1.5 ($6.25) a week. There is a hall 
of residence for women medical students, Eslington Tower, New- 
castle-on-Tyne ; Principal, Miss Perry. The charge for board 
and residence is from £42 ($210) for the session. 

Further information may be obtained from the Rev. J. R. 
Shortt, M.A., the University, Durham, or from the registrar. 

LONDON, England. 

THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON. 

Burlington House, Vigo Street, London, W. 

London University, founded in 1826, is an examining body, con- 
ferring degrees in Arts (B. A., M. A., D. Lit.) ; Science (B. Sc, 



GREAT BRITAIN. 97 

D. Sc.) ; Law (LL. B., LL. D.) ; Medicine (M. B., B. S., M. S., 
M. D.) ; Music (B. Mus., D. Mus.). The university also gives a 
certificate, called the " Teachex-'s Diploma," to each candidate who 
has passed the examination in teaching. 

A proposal to found a teaching university in connection with the 
University of London has been underconsideration for some years 
and a scheme has at last been adopted. 

In 1867 the university offered certain special certificates to 
women; in 1878 it opened all degrees, honours and prizes to 
students of both sexes on equal terms, and in 1882 it was resolved 
by the governing body, Convocation, "that female graduates be 
admitted to Convocation." 

The degrees are conferred on candidates that have passed a pre- 
scribed series of examinations held by examiners appointed by the 
university. The examinations must be taken in a prescribed order 
and, in general, an interval of at least one academic year must 
elapse between two consecutive examinations. For the Bachelors' 
degrees in Arts, Science, Medicine and Law two examinations of 
widely different standards, "pass" and "honours," are held in each 
subject, and candidates are at liberty to choose which they will take. 

Prizes, exhibitions and scholarships, varying in value from £5 
($25) to £50 ($250) a year for two years, ax - e awarded to the can- 
didates that most distinguish themselves in the different honours ex- 
aminations. 

The fees for the examinations are from £2 ($10) to £10 ($50). 

Candidates for degrees are free to reside and study where they 
please, but preparation for the examinations may be obtained at the 
numerous colleges affiliated with the University. See University 
College, London (pp. 98-99) ; King's College, London (p. 100) ; 
Bedford College for Women, London (pp. 103-104) ; Royal Hollo- 
way College, Egham (p. 104) and pp. 105-106. 

All particulars may be obtained from the " London University 
Calendar," which is published yearly and contains the examination 
papers for the preceding year. 

Communications should be addressed to the registrar of the Uni- 
versity of London, Burlington Gardens, London, W. 



98 LONDON. 

DAVY-FARADAY RESEARCH LABORATORY OF THE 
ROYAL INSTITUTION. 

21 Albemarle Street, London, West. 

This laboratory was endowed and given to the Royal Institution 
in 1S97 by Dr. Ludwig Mond. It is open, at the discretion of the 
committee, to all persons, irrespective of sex or nationality, who 
have done scientific research work, or are judged capable of under- 
taking it. 

Any person who obtains permission to attend the laboratory for 
a certain term may do so free of charge and will, in general, be 
supplied with all materials, chemicals, gas, electricity, etc., neces- 
sary for his work, but these may in special cases be refused. The 
worker will be eligible for readmission after the expiration of the 
term for which he has been admitted. 

The year is divided into three terms : Michaelmas term from the 
first Monday in October to the Saturday nearest the 18th of De- 
cember; Lent term from the Monday nearest to the 15th of Janu- 
ary to the second Saturday in April ; Easter term from the first 
Monday in May to the fourth Saturday in July. 

For further information apply to the Secretary of the Royal In- 
stitution. 

Directors of the Laboratory : Lord Rayleigh, Professor 
Dewar. 

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE. 
Gower Street, London, W. C. 

University College, London, separated from the University of 
London in 1S36 and given a charter in 1869, prepares for the 
examinations of London University in Arts, Science, Medicine and 
Law. Students do not reside in the college (for hall of residence 
for women, see p. 99). All classes in the Faculties of Arts, Sci- 
ence and Law are open to women as to men, except classes in engi- 
neering, histology and physiology. (For courses for women in med- 
icine, see under the School of Medicine for Women, pp. 102-103.) 

Women wishing to enter as students must present satisfactory 
references and should call on the lady superintendent, Miss Mori- 



GREAT BRITAIN. 99 

son, whose recommendation is required for admittance. Miss 
Morison may be seen at her office in the college during the first 
■week of the term. 

The session is divided into three terms, dates for 1898-99 : October 
4th till December 16th, January 10th till March 24th, April iSth 
till June 30th. 

The fees vary from £1.1 ($5.25) to £j.>j ($36.75) per class for 
the session. 

There are numerous prizes and scholarships open, with few ex- 
ceptions, to women as to men. They vary in value from £10 ($50) 
to £150 ($750) a year. 

For further information, see "University College, London, Cal- 
endar." Communications should be addressed to the secretary. 

Hall of Residence. — College Hall, Byng Place, Gordon Square, 
is a hall of residence for women students attending University Col- 
lege and the London School of Medicine for Women. No student 
is admitted under 1 7 years of age. The expenses for board and 
residence vary from £51 ($255) to £80 ($400) for the University 
College session of 33 weeks, and from £58 ($290) to £90 ($450) 
for the session of the London School of Medicine of 37 weeks. 
Further information may be obtained from the principal, Miss 

Grove. 

Professors. 

ARTS. 

Languages. — Semitic : Professors Architecture : Professor Roger Smith. 
Marks, Ross, Schechter, Strong. 

Indo-Iranian * : Professors Bendall, science. 

Blumhardt, Rhys Davids. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 

Classical: Professors Housman, Piatt. fessors M. J. M. Hill, Karl Pearson. 

English: Professor Ker. Physics: Professsor Callendar. 

Germanic: Professor Priebsch. Chemistry: Professor Vaughan Harley, 

Romance: Professors Butler, Lalle- Ramsay. 

m and. Geology : Professor Bonney. 

Comparative Philology: Professor Biology, Physiology, Etc.: Professors 

Postgate. Martin, Oliver, Schafer, Weldon. 

Philosophy : Professor Sully. Engineering : Professors Hudson Beare, 

Political Economy: Professor Fox- Chadwick, Fleming, Vernon-Harcourt. 

well. 

History : Professor Montague. law. 

Art and Archeology : Professors Professors Bate, Birrell, Carter, Muri- 

Brown, E. A. Gardner, Petrie. son, Neil, Raleigh. 

* There is a school of Modern Oriental studies established by the Imperial Institute in connection 
•with University College and King's College. For particulars see " University College Calendar." 



ioo • LONDON. 

KING'S COLLEGE. 
Strand, London, S. W. 

This college is for men only and prepares for the examinations of 
the University of London ; it is similar in its organisation to Uni- 
versity College and its medical school is important. 

There is a separate "Department for Ladies" at 13 Kensington 
Square, London, W., giving instruction in Arts, Science, Law, 
Theology and Music. The professors and lecturers are, with some 
exceptions, professors at King's College. The classes organised 
are of a very elementary nature, but more advanced classes can in 
some cases be arranged when desired. Students do not reside in 
the college ; a hall of residence for women, King's Hall, has recently 
been opened, fees for board and residence 2^ guineas ($13.12) 
and 2 guineas ($10.50) a week. For further information apply to 
Miss E. Faithfull, 28 Kensington Square. 

The academic year is divided into three terms : Michaelmas 
term, beginning Monday, October 14th, and ending Friday, Decem- 
ber 20th ; Lent term, beginning January 20th and ending March 
27th; Easter term, beginning April 17th and ending July 3rd. 

The fees are one or two guineas ($5.25 to $10.50) per term for 
each class. 

Further information can be obtained from Miss Lilian M. 
Faithfull, vice-principal and secretary, 13 Kensington Square, 
London, W. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

ARTS. SCIENCE. 

Languages. — Classics: Professor^axx; Mathematics: Mr. Dale ; Miss Bar- 
Miss Pater. well. 

English : Professors Heath, Knight, Chemistry : Professor J. M. Thomson ; 
Shuttleworth ; Miss Faithfull, Mr. Mr. Jackson ; Mrs. McKillop. 

de Selincourt. Geology : Professor Seeley. 

Germanic: Professor Buchheim ; Miss Biology: Professors Beale, Bottomley"; 

Buchheim, Mr. Menken. Miss Lulham. 

Romance : Professors Perini, Rami- 
rez, Spiers ; Mr. Esclangon. law. 
Philosophy : Professors Caldecott, Professor John Cutler. 

Mayor, Knight ; Miss Meyer. 
Political Economy : Professors Cun- theology. 

ningham, Hewins, Shuttleworth. Professors Knowling, Robertson. 

History : Professors Laughton, Shuttle- 
worth, Warr. MUSIC 
Art and Archaeology : Messrs. Vicat Professor Vernham ; Dr. Hamilton 
Cole, Holden, Pownall, Speight. Robinson. 



GREAT BRITAIN. ioi 

THE LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND POLITICAL 

SCIENCE. 
10 Adelphi Terrace, London, W. C. 

This school was founded in 1895, its object being to organise 
economic and political studies in England. During the first year 
300 students, of whom 75 were women, joined the school. The 
students are chiefly graduates of British and foreign universities, 
government officials, railway officials, bank managers and clerks, 
and persons engaged in public work who require the guidance of 
experts on particular subjects. The school is also a centre of 
information for foreigners visiting England for purposes of investi- 
gation, and guidance and advice has been given to students from 
Belgium, France, Germany, the United States and other countries. 

Research studentships varying in value from £25 ($12^) to 
£100 ($500) for the encouragement of special investigations are 
given on the result of examinations. A Studentship of the value 
of £100 ($500) a year for two years was awarded in July, 1897, 
and others will be awarded in July, 1899. The selected candidate 
is expected to give a short course of lectures on the result of his in- 
vestigations. 

An excellent special library has been collected, and the publica- 
tion of a series of studies on Political Science commenced. 

The academic year, which begins at the end of October and ends 
about June 22nd, is divided into three terms. The fee for full mem- 
bership of the school, admitting to all lectures and classes is £3 
($15) a year or £1 ($5) a term. The fee for one course of 20 
lectures is 15s. ($3-75)- 

Further information may be obtained from the Director, Mr. 
W. A. S. Hewins, 10 Adelphi Terrace, London, W. C. 

Lecturers in 1898-99. 

Economics : Dr. Cunningham ; Messrs. Railways : Mr. Acworth. 

Cannan, von Halle, Hewins, Hobson, Banking : Messrs. Foxwell, Palgrave. 

Mackinder, Sargent, Sydney Webb. Commercial Law : Mr. Barlow. 

Statistics: Messrs. Bowley, Edgeworth, Constitutional Law : Professor Dicey; 

Hewins, Sanger. Br. Schuster ; Mr. Whittuck. 

Local Government : Messrs. Glen, Political Science : Messrs. Dickinson, 

Gomme, Hirst, Hobhouse, Kemp. Gomme ; Dr. von Halle, Sir Courtenay 

Paleography and Diplomatic : Mr. Ilbert ; Miss McArthur ; Mr. Graham 

Hubert Hall, Sir E. Maunde Thomp- Wallas. 

son. 



102 LONDON. 

LONDON SCHOOL OF MEDICINE FOR WOMEN. 
8 Hunter Street, Brunswick Square, London, W. C. 

This school, opened about 1S75, provides, in association with the 
Royal Free Hospital, Gray's Inn Road, instruction for women in 
all medical subjects. Students do not reside in the school ; for a 
hall of residence in connection with it see p. 99. 

The courses of the London School of Medicine for Women in- 
clude all the medical subjects required for the degrees and diplomas 
of the University of London, the Royal University of Ireland, the 
Irish and Scotch colleges, and the Society of Apothecaries, London. 

Before entering on medical studies students are required to have 
passed a qualifying examination in Arts. After passing this they 
should register as soon as possible at the office of the General Med- 
ical Council, which requires all medical practitioners to have taken 
a five years' course, dating from the time of registration. The 
course comprises five years of study at the school and attendance 
for four years on the courses of clinical instruction at the Royal 
Free Hospital. Women may however, by permission of the Ex- 
ecutive Council, attend certain of the classes without having passed 
the examination in Arts and without entering on the complete 
course of study. Graduates of foreign and colonial universities 
can occasionally be admitted to the hospital practice when the 
accommodation permits. 

Besides the Royal Free Hospital, the Brompton Consumption 
Hospital, the New Hospital for Women, the Clapham Maternity 
Hospital, the London Fever Hospital, the Hospital for Sick Chil- 
dren, Great Ormond Street, the National Dental Hospital, and sev- 
eral other hospitals, are open to students of the school. There are 
two sessions: winter session, October 1st to April 1st; summer 
session, May 1st to August 1st. 

The fees for the separate classes vary from one to eight guineas 
($5.25 to $42) for the session. The cost of a medical education 
varies considerably according to the requirements of the different 
examining boards. The "compounder's fee" for the school and 
hospital courses for four years is, if paid in one sum, £125 ($625). 



GREAT BRITAIN. 103 

There are several prizes and scholarships varying in value from 
£5 to £100 ($25 to $500) a year for three or four years. 

Further information and a prospectus can be obtained from the 
secretary, Miss Douie, 8 Hunter street, Brunswick Square, W. C. 

Lecturers and Demonstrators. 

Drs. [Mrs.) Garrett Anderson, F. W. Stanley Boyd; Mrs. Dowson,7l/r.r. Evans; 
Andrewes, {Miss) Cock, Dupre, {Miss) Misses Forrest, Hooper; Mrs. Keer, 
Evans, Manson, {Miss) McCall, Sains- Macdonald; Messrs. Mackinlay, Mercier ; 
bury, {Mrs. ) Scharlieb, Starling; Miss Misses Poole, Smith, Turner, Webb, 
Appel ; Messrs. Barrow, Berry, Bodmer, Welby. 

Medical Officers. 

Drs. {Miss) Aldrich- Blake, Carr, Battle, Berry, Dodd, Gant, Legg, Mack- 
Cockle, Crawfurd, Evans, Fawcett, inlay, Rose ; Miss Rowse ; Messrs. Todd, 
Hayes, Marsden, Roughton, Sainsbury, Wakley. 
West ; Miss Appel ; Messrs. Barrow, 

BEDFORD COLLEGE (for Women). 
8 and 9 York Place, Baker Street, London, W. 

Bedford College, founded in 1849, is open to women only, and 
provides instruction in Arts and Science. Students are prepared 
for all the examinations of the University of London in these sub- 
jects ; there is also a training department and an art school in con- 
nection with the college. A course of scientific instruction in 
hygiene, bacteriology, etc., preparing women for posts as Sanitary 
Inspectors, is a special feature of the college. 

The session is divided into three terms, the first beginning on Oc- 
tober 6th and ending on December 20th ; the second beginning on 
January 19th and ending on March 28th; the third beginning on 
April 20th and ending on June 28th. 

The fees for the separate classes vary from one to three guineas 
($5.25 to $15.75) a term. 

Students may reside in the college, the charge for board being 
from 5S to 68 guineas ($304.50 to $357.00) a year. The inclusive 
average fees for residence and tuition are $472.50 to $565.75. 
There are several scholarships varying in value from 30 guineas to 
£48 ($157.50 to $240.00). 

For further information apply to Miss Ethel Hurlbatt, prin- 
cipal of the college, Bedford College, 8 and 9 York Place, Baker 
street, London, W. 



104 



LONDON. 



Lecturers. 



ARTS. 

Languages. — Classical: Messrs. A. 
Bernard Cook, Piatt ; Misses Fitz- 
gerald, Weir. 
English : Dr. G. Foster ; Miss G. A. 

Howell. 
Germanic : Mr. W. P\ Bentinck 

Smith. 
Romance : Mr. Victor Oger. 
Philosophy : Miss Edgell. 
History : Messrs. Allen, Cook. 



Art: Mr. Thompson. 
Pedagogy : Miss H. Robertson. 

SCTENCE. 

Mathematics : Mr. Harding ; Miss A. 

E. Lee. 
Physics: Mr. Womack, Miss A. E. Lee. 
Chemistry : Mr. Crompton. 
Geology : Miss Raisin. 
Biology : Drs. Drysdale, Tims ; Mr. 

Edkins ; Miss Raisin. 
Hygiene : Mr. W. C. C. Pakes. 



ROYAL HOLLOWAY COLLEGE (for Women). 
Egham, Surrey (near London). 

Royal Holloway College, opened in 1886, has beautiful build- 
ings and grounds situated about twenty miles from London, is 
open to women only and provides the instruction necessary for 
London University degrees in Arts and Science, for the London 
preliminary M. B., and for pass and honours examination of the 
University of Oxford. Candidates for admission must be over 17 
years of age and are required to pass an entrance examination or to 
have passed its equivalent. 

The college session extends from the beginning of October to 
the beginning of July, and is divided into three terms of about 
eleven weeks each. 

The fees for board, residence and instruction are £30 ($150) 
per term, or £90 ($450) a year. Numerous scholarships of £30 
($150) to £75 ($375) a year are awarded on the results of exami- 
nations. For information apply to the secretary, Miss Margaret 

Sim. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

History : Miss Penrose. 



ARTS. 

Languages. — Classics : Professor Don- 
kin ; Miss ; Mr. Allen. 

English : Misses Guinness, Kimpster, 

Bentinck Smith, Mr. Boas. 
Germanic: Misses Coxxy, Skeat, Bent- 
inck Smith. 
Romance : Misses Pechinet, Skeat, M. 
Berthon. 

Philology : Mis . 

Philosophy : Mr. Solomon. 



Art : Mr. Carey. 

SCIENCE. 

Mathematics: Professors Cassie, Loney; 

Miss C. Frost. 
Physics : Professor Cassie. 
Chemistry : Miss Field. 
Biology : Misses Benson, Durham. 

MUSIC. 

Miss Daymond, Mr. Burnett, Miss 
Glazebrook. 



GREAT BRITAIN. 105 

LOCAL COLLEGES AFFILIATED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF 
LONDON AND OTHER UNIVERSITIES. 

In addition to University College, King's College and Bedford 
College (see pp. 98-104) , there are numerous local colleges affiliated 
to the different universities in England and Wales. These colleges 
prepare principally for the degrees of B.A. and B.Sc. given by these 
universities ; the courses they offer are arranged to prepare students 
for the degree examinations, and are on the same general plan as 
those offered by University College, London ; many distinguished 
professors are on their faculties, but no lists are given here on 
account of lack of space. They offer few courses which may 
properly be called graduate. They admit women, as a rule, to the 
Arts and Science classes on the same terms as men. No students 
are admitted under 16 years of age. No requirements are made as 
to residence, but there are halls of residence for women in connec- 
tion with most of the colleges. 

The college session, beginning in October, is usually divided into 
three terms, each of about eleven weeks' duration. 

The fees for the different classes vary from 1 to 3 guineas ($5.25 
to $15.75) per term, the cost of one of the ordinary degree courses 
for the year being about £20 ($100). The cost of board and resi- 
dence in the halls for women students is usually from £40 to £50 
($200 to $250) a session. 

Numerous prizes and scholarships of considerable value are open 
to students of the different colleges. 

For further information about any particular college application 
should be made to the registrar. The following is a list of the 
most important : 

*Aberystwyth, University College of Wales ; * Bangor, Univer- 
sity College of North Wales; Birmingham, The Mason College; 
Bristol, University College ; * Cardiff, University College of South 
Wales and Monmouthshire ; | Leeds, The Yorkshire College ; 
I Liverpool, University College; f Manchester, The Owens Col- 



* Affiliated to the University of Wales. 
\ Affiliated to Victoria University 



106 OXFORD, 

lege ; \ Newcastle-on-Tyne, Durham College of Science ; Notting- 
ham, University College; Sheffield, Firth College. 

MANCHESTER, England. 

victoria; university. 

The Owens College, Manchester. 

This university, founded in 1880, and having its seat at the Owens 
College, Manchester, is an examining body with power to confer 
degrees in Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and Music. The general 
scheme of the examinations is similar to that of London Univer- 
sity and they are open to women on the same conditions as to men. 

All candidates must have been regular students of one of the 
colleges of the university. These colleges are : The Owens Col- 
lege, Manchester ; University College, Liverpool ; The Yorkshire 
College, Leeds (see p. 105). Graduates of other colleges and uni- 
versities are also allowed to take the examinations under special con- 
ditions. 

Enquiries should be addressed to the registrar of the Victoria 
University, Manchester, and information may be obtained from the 
calendar of the university, price, is ($0.25). 

OXFORD, England. 
THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. 

The University of Oxford, founded in the twelfth century, is a 
corporation which provides instruction in the various branches of 
knowledge and confers degrees in Arts, Law, Medicine, Theology 
and Music on men who have since matriculation fulfilled certain 
conditions as to residence and passed certain examinations. Re- 
search degrees are also granted under somewhat different arrange- 
ments. There are in Oxford twenty-one colleges, one public and 
three private halls. Members of the university must be members 
of one of these or of the body of non-collegiate students. Each 
college has its own staff of teachers and its affairs are administered 
by its Head and Body of Fellows. University lectures given by 



% Affiliated to the University of Durham. 



GREAl^ BRITAIN. 107 

professors and readers are open to all members of the university ; 
college lectures, which supply a great part of the teaching, are, by 
arrangement, generally open to the members of colleges other than 
that in which they are given- 
Women are not admitted to matriculation or graduation, but are 
allowed to enter for all the public examinations for the degrees in 
Arts and Music without being required to fulfil precisely the same 
conditions as men. Names of candidates must be sent in through 
the Secretary to the Delegates of Local Examinations, H. T. Ger- 
kans, 8 Clarendon Building, Oxford, from whom the special regula- 
tions affecting women students can be obtained. The requirements 
of the university for the degree course can be ascertained from the 
Student's Hand-book (price 2s. 8d. ($0.66)), or from the Examina- 
tion Statutes (price is. 2d. ($0.29)), to be obtained at the Claren- 
don Press Depot, 1 16 High street, Oxford. The names of successful 
women candidates are officially published in supplementary lists and 
they receive a certificate signed by the examiners. No preliminary 
residence or study in Oxford is required, but an examination in two 
languages and elementary mathematics must be passed before admis- 
sion to any of the higher examinations. Graduates of colleges in- 
cluded in the Association of Collegiate Alumnae are excused from 
this examination. Certain examinations are arranged by the Dele- 
gates of Local Examinations for women only. 

The year is divided into three terms, each of eight weeks' dura- 
tion, beginning respectively about the middle of October, middle 
of January and middle of April. 

Women who desire to attend lectures in Oxford should put them- 
selves in communication with the " Association for Promoting the 
Education of Women in Oxford" (see pp. 109-111), and should 
apply for information to the hon. secretary, Miss Rogers, Claren- 
don Building, Oxford. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

The list of lecturers for each year is published in the " Oxford University Gazette." The follow- 
ing list is compiled from the Gazette for January, 1899; 

LANGUAGES.-SEMmc : Professors Dri- %*«*. Allen, Burney, G. A. Cooke, 

ver, Margoliouth, Nicholl, Sayce; Neubauer, Stenmng. 



io8 



OXFORD. 



Indo-Iranian : Professors Legge, 
Macdonnell, Mills ; Messrs. Bellairs, 
Blumhardt, Platts, Pope, St. John, 
Wells. 
Classical : Professors Bywater, Ellis; 
Messrs. Abbott, Bailey, Baker, Bar- 
ton, Blakiston, Burge, Clark, Cook- 
son, Cooper, Ellis, Farnell, Ferard, 
Fox, Godley, Greene, Haigh, Hall, 
Inge, Jackson, Lindsay, Lys, Math- 
eson, Moore, Owen, de Paravicini, 
Phelps, Phillimore, Phillips, Pick- 
ard-Cambridge, Pope, Poynton, 
Prickard, Raper, Richards, Rush- 
forth, Scott, Sidgwick, Smith, Snow. 
English : Professors Napier, Earle ; 

Messrs. Firth, de Selincourt. 
Germanic : Professor Rhys ; Mr. 

Macdonell. 
Chinese : Professor Bullock. 
Russian : Mr. Morrill. 
Celtic : Professor Rhys. 
Romance : Messrs. de Arteaga, Ber- 
thon, Bue, Coscia, Moore. 
Comparative Philology : Professor 
Max Miiller, Deputy ProfessorWright. 
Philosophy: Professors Case, Stewart, 
Cook Wilson; Mesws. Ball, Bate, 
Benecke, Blunt, Caird, Fairbrother, 
Hadow, Wright Henderson, Hobhouse, 
Joachim, Joseph, Prichard, Rashdall, 
Richards, Schiller, Smith, Spooner, 
Storr, Underhill, Walker, Warner, 
Wood, Wylie. 
Political Science : Professor Edge- 
worth; Messrs. Carlyle, Hughes, Mar- 
riott, Phelps, Smith, Pogson Smith, 
Williams. 
Diplomatic : Mr. R. Lane Poole. 
History : Professors Montagu Burrows, 
Pelham, York Powell; Messrs. Abbott, 
Case, Strachan-Davidson, Davis, Ed- 
wards, Fisher, Fletcher, Fowler, 
Greenidge, Grundy, Hall, Hardy, 
Hassall, Haverfield, Henderson, How, 
Hutton, Johnson, Stuart Jones, Leigh, 
Macan, Marriott, Medley, Mee, Mon- 
tague, Myres, Munro, Oman, Owen, 
Poole, Robertson, Smith, Tracey, Un- 
derbill, Urquhart, Wakeling, Walker, 
Ward, Wells, Wood. 



Archaeology : Professors Gardner ; 

Messrs. Farnell, Myres. 
Poetry : Professor Courthope. 
Music : Professor Stainer ; Drs. Mee, 

Parry. 

SCIENCE. 

Mathematics: Professors Elliott, Esson, 
Love, Turner ; Messrs. Campbell, Dix- 
on, Gerrans, Haselfoot, Hayes, Leu- 
desdorf, Pedder, Russell, Sampson, 
Thompson. 

Physics : Professors Clifton ; Messrs. 
Alsop, Baynes, Craig, Hudson, Plum- 
mer, Smith, Walker. 

Chemistry : Professor Odling ; Messrs. 
Elford, Fisher, Vernon Harcourt, 
Marsh, Nagel, Veley, Watts, Wilder- 
man. 

Geology : Professor Sollas. 

Mineralogy : Professor Miers ; Mr. 
Bowman. 

Geography : Mr. Mackinder. 

Biology: Professors Gotch, Tylor, Vines; 
Afessrs. Bourne, Burch, Goodrich, Hal- 
dane, Jenkinson, Mann, Ramsden, 
Thompson. 

Agriculture -. Professor . 



Professors Dicey, Goudy, Holland, 
Sir F. Pollock, Sir W. R. Anson ; Messrs. 
Burnham, Carter, Davis, Hazel, Holds- 
worth, Jenks, Sir W. Markby, Montague, 
Moyle, Pottinger, Prankerd, Smith, 
Wakeling, Williams, Wilson. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors Burdon-Sanderson, Clifton, 
Gotch, Odling, Thomson, Vines ; Messrs. 
Brooks, Farmer, Haldane, Jerome, Mann, 
Ritchie, Winkfield. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors Bright, Cheyne, Driver, 
Ince, Lock, Moberly, Sanday ; Messrs. 
Allen, Bate, Bebb, Bennett, Burney, 
Bussell, Carlyle, Clayton, Henderson, de 
la Hey, Kidd, Lake, Lovell, Maude, 
Moore, Pullan, Spooner, Stenning, 
Strong, Turner, White, Wild, Wilson, 
Wright. 



GREAT BRITAIN. 109 

THE ASSOCIATION FOR PROMOTING THE EDUCATION OF 
WOMEN IN OXFORD. 

The teaching of women is organised and directed by the Coun- 
cil of the Association for promoting the education of Women 
in Oxford, founded in 1879; President, the Master of Balliol Col- 
lege ; Secretaries, Mr. A. Sidgwick, Miss Rogers. Lectures 
are provided and arrangements made for the admission of 
women to lectures given in the University, names being sent 
in through the Secretary and the fees paid through the Treas- 
urer. About one hundred and fifty professors and lecturers admit 
women thus recommended to their lectures, and facilities are also 
granted to them for work in the University Laboratories. Students, 
whether men or women, find little difficulty in obtaining permission 
to read in the Bodleian and other University Libraries. Further 
information can be obtained from Miss Rogers, Clarendon Build- 
ing, Broad Street, Oxford. Women coming to Oxford for regular 
study are requested to put themselves in communication with her 
rather than to apply direct to the lecturers and will find it to their 
advantage to do so. As a rule they are expected to register as 
students of the Association the fee for which is for students of a 
Hall or College 5s. ($1.25), for Home Students 10s. ($2.50). 
Private tuition which forms an important part of the Oxford system 
of education is arranged through Miss Rogers. Professors' lectures 
are usually free, the fees for other lectures vary from 1 2s. ($3) to two 
guineas ($10.50), the course. Private teaching from is £2 ($10) 
to £4 ($20) for a course of eight lessons. The Association has a 
small library, kept in a room in one of the University Buildings 
which is used as an office. Students taking the full degree course 
with Honours receive a special diploma from the Council of the 
Association, other certificates are given for other courses of study. 
For all these residence is required. These may be looked upon as 
temporary substitutes for degrees. A movement for opening the 
B. A. degree to women made in 1896 was unsuccessful, but it is 
probable that a further attempt will be made, as there is a strong 
party in Oxford in favour of it. 



no OXFORD. 

The lists of lectures are not published till the beginning of the 
term in which they are given but earlier information can be ob- 
tained from the Secretary to the Association, or from one of the 
special tutors appointed in each subject. 

Residence. — There are three Halls and one College for women 
students each governed by its own Council and having its own staff 
represented on the Council of the Association by its Principal and 
one member of its Council. Details of the students' education are 
arranged by a Committee of the Association Council of which the 
Principals are members. Registered students not belonging to any 
of these Societies are called Home Students, are under the charge of 
a Committee and a Principal, and enjoy the same privileges of ad- 
mission to lectures, use of libraries, etc., as students of the Halls and 
College. 

Lady Margaret Hall. — Oxford, opened in 1879, has accom- 
modation at present for about fifty students. Students who desire 
to enter must have passed an examination in two languages and 
elementary mathematics, and must give satisfactory references to 
the principal. Students coming from another college or univer- 
sity must present a letter of recommendation from its authorities. 

Fees for board and residence are £75 ($375) a year. Fees for 
tuition are paid to the association; (see p. 109). 

Several scholarships, varying in value from £25 to £50 ($125 to 
$250) a year for three or four years, are given annually on the 
results of an examination held in June. 

Further information may be obtained from the lady principal, 
Miss Wordsworth, or from the secretary, Miss Lodge, Lady Mar- 
garet Hall, Oxford. Tutors : Miss Sellar, Miss Pearson. 

Somerville College. — Woodstock Road, Oxford, opened in 1879, 
provides accommodation for seventy-two students ; no student is 
admitted under the age of seventeen, and students are required to 
give satisfactory references to the principal and to satisfy her that 
they are qualified to profit by the course of study at Oxford. 

The inclusive charges for board, lodging and tuition are £30 15s. 

4d. ($i53- 8 3)> £28 r 3s. 4 d - ($H3-33) or £z6 ($ I 3o) per term, 
to be paid in advance. 



GREA T BRITAIN. 1 1 1 

A research studentship of £50 ($250) a year for two years has 
recently been founded. 

Further information may be obtained from the principal, Miss 
Maitland, or the vice-principal, the Hon. Alice Bruce, Somer- 
ville College, Oxford. Resident tutors : Miss Lees, Miss Lorimer, 
Miss M. Pope, Miss Sheavyn. 

St. Hugh's Hall. — Oxford, founded in 18S6, is intended for 
members of the Church of England. It provides accommodation 
for only a few students. Charges for board and residence, £45 to 
£66 ($225 to $330) a year. 

Si. Hilda's Hall. — Oxford, founded in 1893, is conducted ac- 
cording to the principles of the Church of England, with liberty 
for members of other denominations. Further particulars may be 
obtained from the principal, Mrs. Burrows. 

Home Students. — Students who do not reside in a hall are called 
*' Home Students" and are under the care of a principal, Mrs. A. 
H. Johnson, 8 Merton street, Oxford, from whom particulars may 
be obtained. Students may be received as boarders in a private 
family at a charge of from £1 5s. to £2 12s. 6d. ($6.25 to $13.12) 
a week. The cost of lodging in Oxford is from 12s. ($3.00) a 
week upwards, and board may be reckoned at 12s. ($3.00) a week. 

The "Calendar" of the Association may be obtained from the 
office, Clarendon Building, Oxford; price, 6d. ($0.12). 

Lecturers and Tutors. 

arts. Modern History : Mr. Armstrong ; 

Languages.-Classical: Messrs. Haigh, MUses Burrows, Lees, Lodge ; Messrs. 

Lys; Misses Lorimer, Rogers, Sellar; Hutton Marriott , Mrs. Marriott, 

Mr. Sidgwick. Messrs. Smith, Wakeling. 

English : Messrs. Edwards, Firth, Law : Mr - Burnnam - 

de Selincourt; Misses Lee, Sheavyn, science. 

Wardale. Mathematics and Physics : Mr. Ger- 

Modern : Mr. Carlyle ; Misses Pope, rans ; Miss Pearson ; Mr. Russell. 

A. M. Todd, Wardale ; Mr. Wright. Natural Science : Miss Kirkaldy ; Mr. 

Philosophy: Mr. Hadow. Nagel. 

OXFORD UNIVERSITY EXTENSION. 

In recent years much attention has been paid to the develop- 
ment of the system of university extension lectures. A university 



112 OXFORD. 

extension college has been founded in Reading, Berkshire, and will, 
when fully organised, be similar to one of the university colleges 
affiliated to London University (see pp. 105-106). 

The annual summer meeting will be held in Oxford from July 
29th to August 23rd, 1899 ; it is divided into two parts, the first last- 
ing from July 29th to August 9th and the second from August 9th 
to August 23rd. The subject of this year's course is the history, 
literature, art, etc., of the period 1S37-1871. There are also 
classes in architecture, education, economics, languages and science. 
In the latter there are classes for practical work. 

The fee for a ticket admitting to all the courses, concerts, con- 
versaziones, etc., for the whole meeting is £1 10s. ($7-5o), a ticket 
for either part costs £1 ($5). There are extra fees of 10s. ($2.50) 
for some of the special classes. 

Full information maybe obtained from Mr. J. A. R. Marriott, 
M.A., University Extension Office, Oxford. 

Lecturers in 1899. 

Languages. — Classical : Mr. H. G. Hon. G. C. Brodrick, the Hon. W. P. 

Gibson. Reeves ; Professor Dicey ; Messrs. H. 

English : Dr. Henry Sweet. Belloc, Horsburgh, Jenks, Johnson, 

Literature: Professor York Powell; Marriott, Phillips, Russell, F. E. Smith, 

Messrs. Bailey, Bayne, Boas, Boding- Souttar, Stride. 

ton, de Burgh, Churton Collins, Cot- Hellenic Studies : Professors Jebb, 

terill, Ashe King, Lummis, Myers, Ernest Gardner, Percy Gardner; Messrs. 

Oldershaw, Paul, de Selincourt, Hud- Sayce, Wells. 

son Shaw, Shaw-Jeffrey, Arthur Sidg- Architecture : Messrs. Francis Bond, 

wick. Marshall. 

Political Science: Lord Farrer, Messrs. Pedagogy : Professor Barnes ; Messrs. 

Birchenough, Geoffrey Drage, Master- Hassall, Keatinge, Sadler. 

man, Owen, Sargent. Science : Professors Miers, Sollas ; Drs. 

History : Lords Farrer, Strathcona and Farrar, Ransome ; Messrs. Bourne, 

Mount Royal, Sir Alfred Lyall, the Brown, Burch, Dickson. 



WALES. 113, 



WALES. 
THE UNIVERSITY OF WALES. 

The University of Wales, constituted in 1894, is a Public Corpo- 
ration representing the Counties and County Boroughs of Wales, 
the three University Colleges and other educational authorities. It 
confers degrees upon students who have pursued an approved 
course of study in one or other of the associated colleges, and have 
passed the university examinations corresponding thereto. For de- 
grees in Theology a further course of study in a Theological Col- 
lege is necessary ; the degree of Doctor is given by the University 
on the result of examination or in recognition of work. 

The status of women in the university differs in no respect from 
that of men. They are admissible to every degree and eligible for 
every office in the university. 

The three colleges of the University are : — The University Col- 
lege of Wales, the University College of North Wales, and the 
University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire. (See pp. 
105-106.) The university itself is situated at Newport, Monmouth- 
shire. 

H. R. H. The Prince of Wales is the Chancellor of the Univer- 
sity. 



ii 4 DLBLIN. 



IRELAND. 

There are two universities in Ireland, both situated in 
Dublin : the Royal University of Ireland, which is merely 
an examining body ; and the University of Dublin (Trinity 
College), which is a college for men, conferring its own 
degrees, to which women are not admitted. Affiliated to 
the University of Ireland are three small local colleges : 
Queen's College, Belfast ; Queen's College, Cork ; and 
Queen's College, Galway. These colleges are undenomina- 
tional ; the question of founding a Catholic university in Ire- 
land is being agitated. 

DUBLIN, Ireland. 
THE ROYAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND. 

The Royal University of Ireland, founded in 1850, is an examin- 
ing body conferring degrees in Arts (B.A., M.A., D. Lit.) ; Phil- 
osophy (D.Ph.); Science (B.Sc, D.Sc); Engineering (B.E., 
M.E.); Law (LL.B., LL.D.) ; Medicine (M.B., M.D., B.Ch., 
M.Ch., B.A.O., M.A.O.); Music (B. Mus., D. Mus.). 

All degrees, honours, exhibitions, prizes, scholarships, student- 
ships and junior fellowships in the university are open to students 
of either sex. 

The degrees are conferred on candidates that have passed a pre- 
scribed series of examinations held by examiners appointed by the 
university. The examinations must be taken in a prescribed order, 
and in general an interval of at least one academic year must elapse 
between two consecutive examinations. 

The B.Sc. degree differs from that of the University of London 
in being conferred on the result of an examination taken after an 
interval of at least one academic year from the time of graduating 
in any faculty of the university. 



IRELAND. 115 

Prizes, exhibitions, scholarships, and fellowships, varying in value 
from £12 ($60) to £200 ($1,000) a year, for four years are open 

to competition. 

No conditions as to residence are imposed, and candidates for de- 
grees may obtain their education where they please. 

Colleges affiliated with the Royal University are the Queen's 
Colleges of Belfast, Cork and Galway ; (see below) . 

Further information may be obtained from the Calendar of the 
Royal University of Ireland or from the registrar, The Royal 
University of Ireland, Dublin. 

COLLEGES AFFILIATED TO THE ROYAL UNIVERSITY 
OF IRELAND. 

Belfast, Cork, Galway. 

The three colleges, Queen's College, Belfast; Queen's College, 
Cork ; and Queen's College, Galway, prepai-e for the examinations 
of the Royal University of Ireland ; they provide lectures, but do 
not provide for residence. Women are admitted on the same con- 
ditions as men to all the lectures, and by a recent decree all scholar- 
ships and prizes have been opened to them, so that women have 
now equal facilities with men. 

The college session, beginning in October, is divided into three 
terms, each of about ten weeks' duration. 

The fee for each course is £2 ($10) or £3 ($15) for the session. 
Further information may be obtained from the registrar of the par- 
ticular college. 

THE UNIVERSITY OF DUBLIN. 
Trinity College, Dublin. 

The University of Dublin consists of only one college, Trinity 
College, founded in 159 1. It confers degrees in Arts, Science, Law, 
Medicine, Theology and Music. 

No degrees are granted to women, and women are admitted only 
to those lectures that are open to the public and free. Public lec- 
tures are given in German, Hebrew, Irish, Biblical Greek, Ancient 



n6 DUBLIN. 

History, Astronomy, Geology and Mineralogy, Law, Divinity and 
Oratory. 

In 1895, with a view to testing the probable numbers and the 
ability of the women students who wished to be admitted to the 
honour examinations, the university framed the following new regu- 
lations applying to the years 1S96, 1897 and 1898 only: 

1. Women who have obtained at any of the Trinity College ex- 
aminations either a junior or a senior certificate* may be examined 
in the same honour courses as the senior freshmen. 

2. Those who have obtained a senior certificate may, under the 
same conditions, if they prefer it, be examined in any of the courses 
for moderatorships. 

The university then decided that the rules were to remain in force 
for the years 1S99 and 1900. 

Women are permitted to use the university library for purposes 
of research on the same conditions as men. 

There are three terms in the year : Michaelmas term, beginning 
October 10th and ending December 20th ; Hilary term, beginning 
January 10th and ending March 25th ; Trinity term, beginning April 
15th and ending June 30th. 

Full information is given in the Dublin University Calendar 
(Dublin), Hodges, Figgis & Co.; price, 4s. ($1.00). Enquiries 
may be addressed to the registrar, Trinity College, Dublin. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

ARTS. 

Languages. — Semitic: Profe sor Ab- Comparative Philology: Professor 

bott ; Mes rs. Beare, White, Wilkins. Atkinson. 

Indo-Iranian : Professor Lane Poole. Philosophy: Professors Beare, John- 

Classical : Professors Bury, Purser, ston. 

Tyrrell ; Mr. Smyly. Political Economy : Professor Bas- 

English : Profess or Edward Dowden. table. 

Germanic : Professor Selss. History : Professors Bury, Mahaffy. 
Romance: Professor Atkinson. Oratory (Rhetoric): Professor Dow- 
Irish : Professor Murphy. den. 



* The university arranges special "examinations for women" and successful candidates receive 
the junior certificate, the senior certificate, or a certificate of honour, according to the examination 
taken. These examinations cover the same range of subjects and are of about the same grade as 
ordinary English college entrance examinations. 



IRELAND. 



117 



Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
fessors Burnside, Joly, Arthur Pan ton. 

Physics : Professors Fitzgerald, Tarle- 
ton ; Messrs. Joly, Thrift, Traill, 
Trouton. 

Chemistry: Professor Reynolds; Messrs. 
Bailey, E. A. Werner. 

Mineralogy and Geology : Professor 
Joly- 

Biology: Professors Mackintosh, Wright; 

Mr. Dixon. 
Engineering : Professor Alexander ; 

Mr. Walter E. Lilly. 



LAW. 

Professors Hart, Leech, Thompson. 

MEDICINE. 

Profe sors Charles Bent Ball, Bennett, 
Cunningham, Little, O' Sullivan. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors Bernard, Charles, Dickin- 
son, Gwynn, Lawlor ; Dr. Kennedy ; 
Messy s. Berry, Carleton, Graham, Rob- 
erts, Walsh, White, Wilkins. 

MUSIC. 

Professor Ebenezer Prout. 



nS ABERDEEN. 



SCOTLAND. 

There are four universities in Scotland — Aberdeen, St. 
Andrews, Edinburgh and Glasgow. These are all teaching 
as well as examining bodies and confer degrees. Women 
are in every case admitted to the degrees in Arts, Science 
and Medicine, and at Aberdeen to the degrees in Law. The 
university lectures are as a rule open to women, but in some 
cases separate instruction is provided for them, and separate 
lectures are given by the university professors and lecturers. 

University College, Dundee, affiliated to St. Andrews Uni- 
versity, admits women to all its classes and prepares for the 
examinations of Edinburgh, Glasgow and London Universi- 
ties. There are special medical schools for women at Edin- 
burgh and Glasgow. 

ABERDEEN, Scotland. 
UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN. 

The University of Aberdeen gives instruction and confers de- 
grees in Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and Theology. Women 
are admitted to graduation in all these subjects with the exception 
of Theology, and all classes in Arts and Science are open to women, 
as are also, with some exceptions, the classes in Medicine. 

The academic year is divided, in the Faculties of Arts, Science 
and Medicine, into two sessions, the winter session beginning in 
the middle of October and ending in the middle of March, and 
the summer session beginning in the end of April and ending about 
the middle of July. 

The matriculation fee is one guinea ($5.25) and the class fees 
vary from one to three guineas ($5.25 to $15 .75). There are 
numerous prizes and bursaries, the majority of which are open to 
women. 



SCOTLAND. 119 

Women are permitted to use the same libraries and reading rooms 
as the men students. 

A hall of residence for women students, Castleton House, Chan- 
onry, Old Aberdeen, was opened in October, 1898, under the 
charge of a lady warden. Terms for board and lodging are £1 is. 
($5.25) a week. 

For further information apply to the secretary, Mr. Donaldson 
Rose Thom. 

The Aberdeen University Calendar is published by A. King & 
Co., Aberdeen; price, 2s. 6d. ($0.62). 

Professors and Lecturers. 

ARTS. 

Languages. — Semitic : Professor Gil- Physics : Professor Niven 

roy. Chemistry : Professor Japp. 

Classical : Professors Harrower, Biology : Professors MacWilliam, Nich- 

Ramsay. olson ; Mr. Brown. 

Germanic : Mr. Hein. Botany : Professor Trail. 

English : Professor Grierson. Agriculture : Messrs. Hendrick, Wil- 

Romance : Dr. Scholle. son. 

Philosophy : Professors Davidson, LAlv 

Royce, Sorley ; Mr. Stout. Professor J. D. Wilson ?Mr. Duguid. 
History : Mr. Terry. J J '- b 

Elocution : Mr. Macleod. medicine. 

Pedagogy : Mr. Clarke. Professors Cash, Finlay, Hamilton, 



SCIENCE. 



Hay, Ogston, Reid, Stephenson. 



Mathematics : Professor Pirie ; Mr. theology. 

Clark. Professors Cowan, Johnston, Paterson. 



DUNDEE, Scotland. 
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE. 

This college provides instruction in Arts, Science and Medicine, 
and prepares students for graduation in these subjects at the Uni- 
versities of St. Andrews, London, Edinburgh and Glasgow. 

The classes are open to all persons without restrictions as to age 
or sex, but all candidates for graduation must take the preliminary 
examination or must have taken an equivalent examination. The 
entrance examinations of most American or European universities 
are considered equivalent. 

The academic year is divided into a winter session, beginning on 



120 EDINBURGH. 

October 12th and ending on March 22nd, and a summer session, 
beginning on April 25th and ending on June 30th. 

The fees for each class are from one guinea ($5.25) to three 
guineas ($1 5 .75 ) . The matriculation fee is 10s. 6d. ($2.62). 

Students do not reside in the college. 

For further information see the college calendar, or apply to the 
secretary, Mr. R. N. Kerr. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

ARTS. 

Languages. — Classical : Mr. Hannay. Biology : Professors Geddes, Mackay, 

English : Professor M'Cormick. Waymouth Reid, D'Arcy W. Thomp- 

German and French : Mr. Durlac. son ; Mr. Waite. 

science Engineering : Professor Claxton Fidler; 

Mathematics : Professor Steggall ; Dr. 

M' Cowan. . medicine. 

Physics: Professor Kuenen ; Dr. M'- Professors MacEwan, Stalker; Drs. 

Cowan. M'Gillivray, Rorie, Templeman, Whyte; 

Chemistry : Professor Walker ; Dr. Mr. Greig. 

Lumsden ; Mr. Wood. 

EDINBURGH, Scotland. 
UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH. 

This university, founded in 15S2, is a teaching and examining 
body, giving instruction and conferring degrees in Arts, Science, 
Law, Medicine and Theology. 

Students desiring to attend the classes must obtain a matricula- 
tion card and pay the matriculation fee of one guinea ($5.25). 
The matriculation fees, class fees, etc., amount to about ten 
guineas ($52.50) yearly. Fees for the separate classes are from 
one guinea ($5.25) to three guineas ($15.75) for the session. 

All the Arts classes and some of the Science classes have been 
open to women since 1892, but some of the instruction in Science 
is given for women at the Edinburgh School of Medicine for 
Women, Surgeon Square, Edinburgh, and at the Medical College 
for Women, Chambers Street, Edinburgh. 

All the degrees in Arts, Science and Medicine are open to women ; 
women are, moreover, allowed to graduate in subjects in which the 
university has not provided for their teaching if they obtain instruc- 
tion of a kind specified by the university. 



SCOTLAND. 121 

A section of the university library is set apart for women and 
they have access to all the books. 

The university scholarships are not generally open to women, but 
there are several scholarships open to women only. 

The academic year is divided into two sessions — a winter session, 
beginning early in October and ending early in April ; a summer 
session, beginning early in May and ending early in July. 

There are no requirements as to residence, but there are three halls 
of residence for women students : Crudelius House, 6 Archibald 
Place, Edinburgh; terms for board and lodging from 18s. ($4.50) 
per week, including the use of a common sitting room, light, 
service, etc. ; for particulars apply to the hon. secretary, Miss H. 
McLean, 35 Howe Street, Edinburgh; — Masson Hall, 31 George 
Square, Edinburgh ; terms may be had on application to the 
warden, Miss F. H. Simpson; — Muir Hall, 12 George Square, 
Edinburgh, for students of medicine ; terms for board and lodging 
from 16s. 6d. ($4.12) per week; apply to the lady superinten- 
dent, Miss Robertson. 

Further information may be obtained from the Edinburgh Uni- 
versity Calendar, published by James Thin, 55 South Bridge, 
Edinburgh, price, 3s. ($0.75) ; or from Miss Louisa Stevenson, 
hon. secretary of the Edinburgh Association for the University 
Education of Women, 13 Randolph Crescent, Edinburgh. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

ARTS. 

Languages.— Semitic : Professor Ken- P EDA GC> GY : Professor Laurie. 

ne( j y Art and Archaeology : Professor 

Classical : Professors Butcher, Har- Brown > Mr - Kern - 

die ; Messrs. Mill, Thomson. science. 

English : Professor Saintsbury ; Mr. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
Smith, fe ssors Chrystal, Copeland; Dr. Knott; 

Germanic : Dr. Schlapp. Mr. Tweedie. 

Romance : Dr. Sarolea. Physics : Professor Tait ; Dr. Peddie. 

Celtic : Professor Mackinnon. Chemistry : Professor Crum Brown ; 
Comparative Philology : Professor Dr. Dobbin. 

Eggeling. Mineralogy : Dr. Marshall. 

Philosophy : Professors Pattison, Seth ; Geology : Professor Geikie ; Mr. Flett. 

Mr. Hardie. Biology : Projessors I. B. Balfour, 
Political Economy : Professor Nichol- Ewart ; Mr. Burrage. 

son. Engineering : Professor Armstrong. 

History: Prof ssors Kirkpatrick, Pro- Agriculture : Professor Wallace ; Drs. 

thero. Aitken, Fream ; Colonel Bailey. 



122 EDINBURGH. 

LAW. 

Professors Sir Ludovic Grant, Kirk- Turner; Drs. Beard, Carlier, Carmichael, 

patrick, Sir H. D. Littlejohn, Mackin- Clouston, Dobbin, Hepburn, M' Bride, 

tosh, Nicholson, Rankine, Wood ; Muir, Playfair ; Messrs. Berry, Sillar. 

Messrs. Burnet, Cook. theology. 

medicine. Professors Flint, Kennedy, Taylor, 

Professors Annandale, Balfour, Brown, Thiele. 

Chiene, Ewart, Greenfield, Fraser, Ruth- music. 

erford, Simpson, Sir T. Stewart, Sir Wm. Professors Niecks, Kirkpatrick. 

EDINBURGH SUMMER SCHOOL OF MODERN LANGUAGES. 

The object of this school is to extend the knowledge and advance 
the teaching of Modern Languages. In 1S99 courses in French 
and English Language, Literature, History, Geography, etc., for 
both French and English students will be given in Edinburgh from 
August 1st to August 26th. 

The inclusive fee is £2 2s. ($10.50) and students can board in 

one of the houses of University Hall for £1 5s. ($6.25) weekly. 

For further particulars apply to the secretary, Outlook Tower, 

Castlehill, Edinburgh. 

Lecturers, 

English : Professors Geddes, Kirkpat- French : Professors Seignobos ; MM. 
rick ; Messrs. Cran, Eyre-Todd, Kel- Bazalgette, Delvolve, Guyou, Mansion, 

man, Jr., Marr, Wyld. Marillier. 

EDINBURGH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE FOR WOMEN. 
Surgeon Square, Edinburgh. 

This school, in connection with the Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, 
in which eighty beds are set apart for the clinical instruction of 
women, prepares for the medical examinations of the University of 
Edinburgh. The two years' residence required by the university 
can be kept at this school. 

The year is divided into the winter session, beginning about 
October 10th and ending about April 1st, and the summer session, 
beginning about May 1st and ending about August 1st. The full 
course of study is five years. The school and hospital fees vary 
from £20 ($100) to £30 ($150) a year; the total expense of the 
five years' course is estimated to be about £160 ($Soo). 

There are several scholarships and bursaries, varying in value 
from £25 ($125) to £50 ($250) a year. 



SCOTLAND. 123 

There is as yet no hall of residence, but it is hoped that one will 
soon be founded. 

For further information apply to Miss La Cour, School of Medi- 
cine, Surgeon Square, Edinburgh, who will send copies of the 
school prospectus and of the Syllabus of the Medical Faculty of 
the University of Edinburgh, post free, for 6d. ($0.12). 

Lecturers. 

medicine and surgery. Stockman ; Messrs. Berry, Cathcart, Cot- 

Drs. Aitken, Bramwell, Graham terill, Hardie, Leith ; Miss Jessie M. 

Brown, Bruce, Clouston, Croom, Hus- McGregor ; Mr. McLaren ; Miss Marion 

band, Jamieson, Sophia Jex-Blake, Lit- Newbigin ; Messrs. Thomson, Turnbull, 

tlejohn, McBride, Muir, Noel Paton, Wood. 

MEDICAL COLLEGE FOR WOMEN. 
20 Chambers Street, Edinburgh. 

The particulars given for the School of Medicine hold good for 
the Medical College. For further information apply to the secre- 
tary, Miss Mackay. 

Lecturers. 

Drs. Ballantyne, Cathcart, Craig, Cum- Berry, Brewis, Cadell, Littlejohn, Ma- 

ming, Gibson, Husband, Mackay, Mac- cadam, Murdoch, Miss Newbigin, Messrs. 

pherson, Noel Paton, Philip, Russell, Thomson, Turnbull, Whitaker. 
Thomson, Tuke, Turner, Walker ; Messrs. 

GLASGOW, Scotland. 
UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW. 

This university, founded in 1451, is a teaching and examining 
body giving instruction and conferring degrees in the five Faculties 
of Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and Theology. 

The requirements for admission to the university are the prelimi- 
nary examinations, which are different for Arts, Science and Medi- 
cine, and must be passed by all the students who wish to take the 
degrees. The classes are also open, without any preliminary ex- 
aminations, to students not desiring to take the degrees. 

In 1892 the University Commissioners empowered the Scotch 
University Courts to provide instruction for women, and accord- 



124 GLASGOW. 

ingly Queen Margaret College, a college for women only, was 
taken over by the university and formed into a women's department. 

In Queen Margaret College lectures in Arts, Science, Mental 
Philosophy and Medicine are given for women only by the uni- 
versity professors, and these lectures qualify for the degrees of the 
university. 

All degrees of the university are open to women on the same 
conditions as to men. After graduation women become members 
of the University Council. 

In addition to the classes for women held in Queen Margaret 
College, women have been allowed to attend a few of the honours 
classes in the university in Moral Philosophy, Political Economy, 
History, Education, and Insanity. 

In Medicine a complete course of five years' instruction is 
arranged by Queen Margaret College, and in the Royal in- 
firmary 200 beds are appropriated to the exclusive instruction of 
women students. Women also study at the Royal Hospital for 
Sick Children, the Glasgow Maternity Hospital, the Royal Lunatic 
Asylum, Gartnavel; the Eye Hospital, Charlotte Street ; and the 
City of Glasgow Fever Hospital. 

The number of women students in 1897-98 was 257, of whom 
67 took the courses in Medicine. Permission to attend courses in 
Law and Divinity has not yet been applied for by women. 

Women students are allowed to borrow books from the university 
library, and there is a reading room in Queen Margaret College. 

Queen Margaret College has in connection with it a hall of resi- 
dence for women students, information in regard to which may be 
obtained from Mrs. Riddoch, honorary secretary, 34 Lawrence 
Place, Dowanhill, Glasgow. The terms for board and lodging are 
from £1 ($5) a week. 

The college year is divided into two sessions: the winter session, 
beginning October 20th and ending March 23rd ; the spring session, 
beginning, in Medicine and Science, on April 25th, and in Arts on 
May 2nd, lasting in each case ten weeks. 

The fees are from one guinea ($5.25) to three guineas ($1 5.75) 



SCOTLAND. 125. 

for each class for the session, and should be paid at the secretary's 
office, Queen Margaret College. 

The majority of scholarships and fellowships are not open to 
women, but the university has been empowered to open to women 
any scholarships or fellowships that have been founded not more 
than twenty-five years. 

Further information ma}' be obtained from the Glasgow Univer- 
sity Calendar, published hy James Maclehose & Sons, 61 St. Vin- 
cent Street, Glasgow; price, 3s. ($0.75). 

Professors and Lecturers 

arts. Chemistry: Professor Ferguson; Messrs- 

Languages.— Semitic : Professor Rob- Gray, Lang. 

ertson. Botany : Professor Bower. 

Classical : Professors Murray, Ram- Biology : Professor Young. 

say; Messsrs. Balgarnie, Brown, Engineering: Professors Barr, Biles;. 

Macdonald. ' Mr. Cormack. 
English : Professot Bradley ; Mr. 

Tack Mir. 

Germanic : Dr. Tille. T Professors Moh, Moody Stuart; Messrs. 

Romance : Mr. Mercier. Irvme > Mackenzie, M'Kechnie, Miller. 

Philosophy : Professors Adamson, medicine 

Jones; Messrs. Duff .Smith Professors Anderson, Buchanan, Cam- 

Political Science : Professor Smart. e t\e\w<i, Coats, Gairdner, Glaister, 

History : Professor Lodge. Macewen, M'Kendrick, Stockman; Drs. 

Pedagogy : Dr. Ross. Anderson, Barr, Ramsay, Reid, Yellow- 

science. l eSj Young, Workman ; Messrs. Bryce r 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Downie, Gemmill, Pringle. 
fessors Becker, Jack ; Messrs. Carslaw, 

Lindsay. theology. 

Physics : Professor Lord Kelvin; Messrs. Professors Hastie, Stewart, Story ; Dr. 

Blyth, Maclean. Foster. 

ST. ANDREWS, Fife, Scotland. 
THE UNIVERSITY AND COLLEGE OF ST. ANDREWS. 

The, University of St. Andrews gives instruction and confers de- 
grees in Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and Theology. In it are 
incorporated the United Colleges of St. Salvator and St. Leonard, 
restricted to the teaching of Arts, Science, Law and Medicine, and 
the College of St. Mary, which is restricted to the teaching of The- 
ology. Degrees are conferred on candidates who have attended 
certain classes for specified times and passed certain examinations. 



126 5" 7: ANDREWS. 

All classes are open, without restrictions, to women, as are also 
degrees in Arts, Science and Medicine. In special cases graduates 
of foreign universities are excused from the preliminary examina- 
tions for the degrees. 

The University of St. Andrews holds a special examination for 
women only and grants to all who pass this examination a diploma 
and the title of L.L.A. 

The academic year is divided into two sessions: a winter session 
of twenty weeks, beginning early in October, and a summer session 
of ten weeks, beginning in the fourth week of April. 

The fees are £3 3s. ($15.75) for each class for the winter session 
and £2 2s. ($10.50) for the summer session. The matriculation 
fee is £1 is. ($5.25). 

Several bursaries (scholarships) varying in value from £15 to 
£30 ($75 to $150) yearly are open for competition to women stu- 
dents only. The question of opening more of the bursaries and 
fellowships to women is under consideration. 

There is a hall of residence for women students (University Hall, 
St. Andrews). The charge for board and residence is from £30 
($150) for the winter session and from £15 ($75) for the summer 
session. Enquiries should be addressed to the warden of the hall, 
Miss Louisa Innes Lumsden. 

Further particulars in regard to the university may be found in 
the St. Andrews University Calendar, and further information may 
be obtained from the registrar, the University of St. Andrews, 
Scotland. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

ARTS. 

Languages. — Semitic : Professor Bir- Physics : Professor Butler. 

rell. Chemistry : Professor Purdie. 

Classical: Professors Burnet, Rob- Biology: Professor William M'Intosh ; 

erts. Mr. Robertson. 
English : Professor Lawson. 

,„ .-, J r\ t • MEDICINE. 

Modern Greek : Dr. Jannans. . 

Philosophy: Professors Knight, Ritchie. Professor Pettigrew ; Dr. Musgrove ; 

History : Dr. Mackinnon. Mr - W y tt > Mss Umpherston. 

Pedagogy : Professor Meiklejohn. theology. 

science. Professors Herkless, Menzies, Stewart. 
Mathematics : Professor Lang. 



GREECE. 127 



GREECE. 

The only educational institutions of any importance in 
Greece are the National University in Athens, and the Amer- 
ican, English, French and German Schools of Archaeology, 
also situated in Athens. The University of Athens was 
opened to women in December, 1895. The other schools, 
which give no degrees, are founded principally for the pur- 
poses of research and exploration, and in general admit 
women. 

ATHENS, Greece. 
THE UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS. 

This university was founded in 1837 on the same general plan as 
that of the German universities. It was opened to women, in spite 
of great opposition, in December, 1895, and there have been a num- 
ber of women students at the university several of whom have ob- 
tained the Doctor's degree. All the libraries, reading rooms and 
laboratories are open to women students and a library and reading 
room have been established specially for women students. The 
university consists of the four Faculties of Philosophy (Arts and 
Science) , Law, Medicine and Theology, and confers the degree of 
Doctor in each of these faculties. 

The academic year is divided into the winter semester, beginning 
on September 15th and ending on February 1st, and the summer 
semester, lasting from February 1st till June 15th. 

The tuition fees for the year are i6odr. ($19.20), and there is a 
fee of loodr. ($12) for the Diploma of Doctor. 

The number of professors is very large, and on this account the 
list is omitted. It may be found in the Minerva Jahrbuch der 
Gelehrten Welt. For further information apply to the secretary, 
Mr. Petros Bryzakis. 



128 ATHENS. 

THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES. 

This school was founded by the Archaeological Institute of 
America in 1SS1 and is supported by the cooperation of leading 
American universities and colleges. Its object is to furnish an 
opportunity to study classical Literature, Art and Antiquities and to 
aid in conducting the exploration and excavation of classical sites. 

All the courses and privileges of the school are open to women 
as to men. Bachelors of Arts of cooperating colleges, and Bache- 
lors of Arts who have been graduate students at cooperating col- 
leges, are admitted to membership on presenting a certificate from 
the classical department of the college in which they last studied. 
American students, resident or travelling in Greece, may be enrolled 
as special students at the discretion of the director. 

The applicant for admission to the school should fill out a regis- 
tration blank (which may be obtained from the chairman of the 
managing committee or from the director), and send this with his 
credentials to the chairman, Prof. Thomas Day Seymour, Yale Uni- 
versity, New Haven, Conn. 

Two fellowships, of the value of $600, are awarded yearly, 
mainly on the result of a written examination, held in March, but 
other evidences of ability and attainments will be considered. A 
third fellowship, the "Agnes Hoppin Memorial Fellowship," of the 
value of $1,000, is available for the years 1899 and 1900, and will 
be awarded to a woman who, in the opinion of the committee, shall 
seem to be worthy of receiving it. Particulars may be obtained 
from the chairman of the committee on fellowships, Prof. Ben- 
jamin I. Wheeler, Ithaca, N. Y. 

The director and professors reside in Athens during the school 
year, from October 1st to June 1st. 

Members pay no fees ; other persons admitted to the school pay 
$25 a year for tuition. At large hotels in Athens board and lodg- 
ing can be obtained for $14 per week ; at small hotels and in pri- 
vate families for $5.50. 

Director, Rufus Byam Richardson ; Professor of the Greek Lan- 
guage and Literature for 1 899-1 900, Herbert Weir Smyth, Professor 



GREECE. 129 

of Greek. Bryn Mawr College; for 1900-1901, Edward Delavan 
Perry, Professor of Greek, Columbia University. 

THE BRITISH SCHOOL AT ATHENS. 

This school, founded in 1886 by the University of Oxford and 
the Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies, has for its ob- 
ject the study of Greek Art, Archseology, Language and Literature. 

Students holding fellowships or scholarships from any British 
university, or belonging to the Royal Academy of Art or the Royal 
Institute of British Architects, and other persons of British nation- 
ality who can give satisfactory proof of their ability to profit by 
the courses of the school, are admitted as students. Every student 
must stay at least three months. Women are admitted on the same 
conditions as men. 

The director resides in Athens from the beginning of November 
until the end of June. 

There are no fees for tuition or for the use of the library. Men 
students are expected to reside in the hostel, paying i5dr. ($1.80) 
a week for their rooms. 

Director, David George Hogarth, Esq., The British School at 
Athens. Hon. secretary, William Loring, Esq., 2 Hare Court, 
Temple, London, E. C. 

KAISERLICH DEUTSCHES ARCHAOLOGISCHES INSTITUT. 

The German schools at Athens and Rome were founded in 1829 
and are under the control of the Central- Direktion in Berlin. 
They have for their object the furthering of archaeological studies. 

Women are allowed on the same conditions as men to attend the 
lectures, libraries and reading-rooms, and to take part in the excur- 
sions. 

Secretaries in Athens : Professor Dr. Wilhelm Dorpfeld, 
Dr. Paul Wolters. 



130 ATHENS. 

ECOLE FRANCHISE D'ATHENES. 

The school was founded in 1S47, and has for its object archaeo- 
logical research and exploration. 

Members must hold the degree of Docteur es Lettres or Agrege 
des Lettres, de Grammaire, de Philosophic, d' Histoire or des 
Sciences. 

The number of members of the school is fixed at six, and ad- 
mission depends on the results of a competitive examination, both 
oral and written. 

Women are allowed to attend the public lectures given in the 
school and to use the library on application to the Director. 

Director, M. Homolle ; honorary directors, MM. Burnouf and 
Foucart. 



HUNGARY, IRELAND. 131 

HUNGARY. 

The universities of Hungary are similar to those of Ger- 
many and Austria in general plan; see pp. 1-3, 62-64. 
They are three in number, namely, the universities of Agram, 
Budapest and Klausenberg. Of these the University of 
Budapest is the oldest and the most important ; it comprises 
the four Faculties of Theology, Law, Medicine and Philos- 
ophy (Arts and Science), while the University of Agram has 
no Faculty of Medicine and that of Klausenberg no Faculty 
of Theology. It has not been thought necessary to give the 
list of professors at these universities ; it may be found in the 
Minerva Jahrbuch der Gelehrten Welt. 

In December, 1895, the philosophical, medical and phar- 
maceutical departments in the universities of Hungary were 
formally opened to women by a decree of the Hungarian 
Minister of Education. In his decree to the universities the 
Minister gave in detail the reasons which induced him to take 
the step. Briefly summarised they are : that the conditions 
of society have so changed that women are now more often 
obliged to undertake remunerative labor ; that they are well- 
fitted for scientific and educational work, and that, therefore, 
facilities for study should be offered to them. 

In order to enter the universities women have, however, to 
fill the same requirements as men, that is, to pass the Maturi- 
tats-priifung, and the severity of the test shall, the decree 
states, be in no case relaxed. They are also obliged to take 
part in the dissecting, practical work, etc. 

The fee charged for admission to all lectures for one semes- 
ter is 30 florins ($15). 

For dates of semesters and general particulars, see under 
Germany and Austria. 

IRELAND. 

See pp. 114-117. 



132 ITALY. 



ITALY. 



There are in Italy seventeen state universities, four free 
universities and two institutions similar to universities, the R. 
Istitiito Superiore di studi practici c di perfezionamento at 
Florence, and the R. Accademia Scientifico-litteraria at Milan, 
the first giving courses in Arts, Science and Medicine, and 
the latter courses in Philosophy and Philology. There are 
American, French and German schools of Archaeology in 
Rome similar to those in Athens, and there is a zoological 
station at Naples at which many Americans study. 

The universities as a rule provide instruction and confer 
degrees in Arts, Science, Law and Medicine. The candi- 
date for the degree of Doctor {laured) must attend a definitely 
specified series of courses for a specified number of years 
(from three to six years, according to the faculty). 

The courses, degrees, laboratories and libraries at these 
universities are all open to women on the same conditions as 
to men. Two classes of students are admitted, regular stu- 
dents and hearers (uditori). 

Regular students must have obtained, before entering, the 
certificate of a secondary school {licenza liccale or tecnicd) or, 
if foreigners, must satisfy the Faculties of Arts and Science 
that the education they have received would have enabled 
them to obtain this licenza. In the case of students who have 
studied at a foreign university the faculty in which the student 
desires to attend courses decides on the admittance of the stu- 
dent. Such students should present certificates or diplomas 
from their former college or university, and also their certifi- 
cate of birth. 

Hearers have to fulfil no special requirements beyond pre- 
senting a certificate of birth. They are not admitted to de- 



ITALi. 133 

grees, but if they take the examinations they may in some 
cases receive certificates to the effect that they have studied in 
the university. 

Students and hearers must matriculate and pay the matricu- 
lation fees for the ensuing year between August 1st and Oc- 
tober 30th. The academic year is not divided into semesters ; 
it begins on October 15th and ends on July 30th. Lectures 
begin in the first week of November and end on June 15th. 

Regular students pay their fees (tassa d' tmatricolaztone, 
tassa d? iscrizoni and tassa di diploma) to the state treasury 
through the ufficio demaniale. The matriculation fee varies 
from 20 lire ($3.90) to 40 lire ($7.80), according to the faculty ; 
the inscription fees cover all the courses which have to be 
taken for a degree and amount to from 50 lire ($9.75) to 165 
lire ($32.18) yearly. Fees for examinations, from 10 lire 
($1.95) to 25 lire ($4.88) yearly, and laboratory fees are paid 
to the economato of the university. Hearers pay a matricula- 
tion fee of 40 lire ($7.80) and a fee of 8 lire ($1.56) for each 
hour per week of lecture in the courses which they enter. 
They pay these fees to the same officials as the regular stu- 
dents. 

Scholarships are open to women as to men and take the 
form, in general, of an exemption from fees. There are also 
fellowships open for competition to students that have obtained 
the degree of Doctor. 

Information concerning the general university regulations 
is given in a pamphlet entitled Regolamento Universitario ; 
information concerning a particular university, in the Annu- 
ario Accademico of the university in question, which, with 
the Regolamento Universitario may be obtained from the sec- 
retary of the university. 



134 



CAGLIARI. 



BOLOGNA, Italy. 
REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI BOLOGNA. 

This university, founded in the 12th century, was renowned in 
the past for the number of celebrated women counted among its 
students and professors. 

The regulations are similar to those of all Italian universities ; 
see pp. 132, 133. 

Enquiries may be addressed to the direttore di segretaria, 
Signor Luigi Bona. 

Professors and Lecturers. 



ARTS. 

Languages. — Classical : Professors 
Albini, Gandino, Puntoni ; Signors 
Levi, Michelangeli, Olivieri. 

Romance : Professor Carducci ; Sig- 
nors Ferrari, Morpurgo, Restori, 
Solerti. 
Comparative Philology : Professor 

Turrini. 
Philosophy : Professors Acri, Bar- 

bera, Valdamini ; Signors Ambrosini, 

DeNardi, Pilo. 
Political Economy : Professor Mar- 

tello ; Signors Barbieri, D'Apel, 

Gemma, Rossi. 
History : Professors Bertolini, Fal- 

letti ; Signors Vittorio Fiorini, Rossi. 
Archeology : Professor Brizio ; Sig- 
nor Szedlo. 
Architecture : Professors Benetti, 

Canevazzi, Stabilini, Venturi, Zan- 

noni ; Signors Ballarini, Berti, Bom- 

bicci, Muggia. 
Engineering : Professors Cavani, Ca- 

vazzi, Donati, Masi ; Signors Gemelli, 

Gorrieri, Maganzini, Regnoli, Silvani. 



Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
fessors Arzela, Donati, Enriquez, Mat- 



teo Fiorini, Pincberle, Saporetti ; Sig- 
nors Razzaboni, Vivanti. 

Physics : Professors Righi, Ruffini ; 
Signor Dessau. 

Chemistry: /V<?/i\!wrCiamician; Sig- 
nors Angeli, Magnanini, Zanetti. 

Mineralogy : Professor Bombicci. 

Geology : Professor Capellini ; Signor 
Simonelli. 

Geography : Professor Peroglio ; Sig- 
nor Sensini. 

Biology : Professors Ciaccio, Emery, 
Mattirolo ; Signor Coggi. 

LAW. 

Professors Brini, Costa, Gaudenzi, 
Giusti, Manfredini, Mantovani-Orsetti, 
Regnoli, Rossi, Salvioni, Vanni, Vi- 
vante ; Signors Ballarini, Berardi, Conti, 
Diena, Lanza, Malagola, Ramponi, 
Trovanelli. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors Albertoni, Calderini,^Calori, 
Fusari, Maiocchi, Martinotti, ""Muni, 
Novaro, Novi, Pellacani, Poggi, Roncati, 
Rovighi, Tartuferi, Tizzoni ; Signors Bel- 
mondo, Borde, Bozzi, Cattani, Gurrieri, 
Monti, Panzeri, Pinto, Pinzani, Respighi, 
Righi, Ruggi, Sabbatani, Salaghi, Testi. 



CAGLIARI, Sardinia, Italy. 
t 
REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI CAGLIARI. 

This university, founded in 1596, is under the same regulations 
as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 132, 133. 



ITALY. 135 

Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Giuseppe 
Loy-Isola. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

ARTS. LAW. 

Political Economy : Professor Mase- Professors Angioni-Contini, Barcared- 

Dari. ^ ^ (j a; Borgna, Careddu, Lanza, Loy-Isola, 

Architecture : Signor Fais. Porcu-Giua, Orru, Soro ; Signors Atzeri, 

science. Guzzoni, Picinelli. 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
fessors Fais, Usai, Vivanet. medicine. 

Physics : Professors Guglielmo, Odde. Professors Biondi, Carbone, Fasola, 

Mineralogy and Geology : Professor Fenoglio, Gonella, Guzzoni degli An- 

Lovisato. carani, Legge, Marfori, Mazza, Sabba- 

Biology : Professor Lovisato ; Signor tani, Sanfelice, Tonnini. 
Mazza. 

CAMERINO, Italy. 

LIBERA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI CAMERINO. 

This university, founded in 1 7 2 7' ^ s un der the same regulations 
as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 132, 133. 

Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Mario 
Mannucci. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

LAW. MEDICINE. 

Professors Arno, Lorini, Marsili, Pa- Professors Berlese, Casali, Catterina, 

lumbo, Ranelletti ; Signors D'Ajano, Fabrini, Gallerani, Kazzander, Mircoli, 
Claps, Mircoli, Ricci, Vighi. Pacinotti, Sartori. 



CATANIA, Sicily. 
UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI CATANIA. 

This university, founded in 1444, is under the same regulations 
as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 132, 133. 

Enquiries may be addressed to the direttore di segretaria, Pro- 
fessor Maris Mandalari. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

ARTS. 

Languages. — Classical : Professor Political Economy : Professor Giu- 
Sabbadini ; Signors Biuso, Bruno. seppe Maiorana-Calatabiano ; Signor 

Romance : Professors Rapisardi, Sab- Marietta. 

badini. History : Professor Casagrandi. 

Philosophy : Professor Marino ; Signor Archaeology : Signors Bruno, Orsi. 

Taverni. Architecture : Sipnor Fichera. 



i 3 6 



FL ORENCE. 



Pedagogy : Professor Tavemi ; Signor 
Catalano. 

SCIENCE. 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
fessors Chizzoni, Lauricella, Mollame, 
Pennacchietti, Ricco, Zurria ; Signor 
Catania. 

Physics : Professor Grimaldi. 

Chemistry : Signor Grassi-Cristaldi. 

Mineralogy and Geology : Professor 
Bucca. 

Geography : Signor Giardina. 

Biology : Professors Baccarini, Mingaz- 
zini ; Signors Aloi, Calandruccio. 



Professors Abate- Longo, Carnazza- 
Amari, Carnazza-Puglisi, Ciccaglione, 
Coviello, Delogu, De Luca-Carnazza, De 



Mauro, La Rosa, Angelo Maiorana, Gui- 
seppe Maioranna, Vadala Papale, Zocco- 
Rosa ; Signors Amabile, Blandini, Aprile 
di Cimia, Carnazza, Carnevale, Cavallaro, 
Cimbali, Fiorentino, La Monaca, Maj- 
orana, Mangano, Marino, Marietta, 
Pantano, Paterno-Castello, Peratoner, 
Politi, Rapisardi, Wrzi. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors Berretta, Capparelli, de- 
menti, Cosentino, Curci, D'Abundo, Di 
Mattei, Feletti, Francaviglia, Petrone, 
Tomaselli, Ughetti, Valenti ; Signors 
Addario, Alonzo, Ardini, Condorelli, 
Coniglione, De Luca, Galvagno, Gri- 
maldi, Guzzardi, Marchese, Maugeri, 
Misuraca, Pennino, Ronsisvalle, San- 
filippo. 



FERRARA, Italy. 
LIBERA UNIVERSITA DI FERRARA. 

This university, founded in 1391 , is under the same regulations 
as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 132, 133. 

Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Enrico 
Bassani. 

Professors and Lecturers. 



ARTS. 

Political Economy : Professor Sitta. 
Architecture : Signor Dupra. 
Art : Signor Ravegnani. 

SCIENCE. 

Mathematics : Professors Borgatti, Vig- 

nocchi ; Signor Roccella. 
Physics : Professor Bongiovanni. 
Chemistry : Professors Costa, Garelli. 
Mineralogy : Sisrnor Costa. 



Biology : Professors Cavazzani, Massa- 
longo, Sala ; Signor Zuffi. 

LAW. 

Professors Bennati, Giura, Martinelli, 
Pasqualini, Carabelli, Sitta, Turbiglio, 
Weiss De-Welden, Zeni ; Signor Mar- 
chesini, Ruffoni. 

MEDICINE. 

P>ofessors Bongiovanni, Cavazzani, 
Garelli, Ludovisi, Marfori, Massalongo, 
Morpurgo, Sala, Trambusti, Zuffi. 



FLORENCE, Italy. 

REGIA istituto di studi superiori practici e di 

PERFEZIONAMENTO. 

This school, founded in 1321, is under the same regulations as 
all the universities of Italy; see pp. 132, 133. 



ITAL Y. 



137 



Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Tito 
Fiaschi. 



Professors and Lecturers. 



Languages. — Semitic : Professors Cas- 
telli, Lasinio ; Signor Scerbo. 
Indo-Iranian : Professors Pavolini, 

Severini ; Signor Donati. 
Classical : Professors Festa, Paoli, 
Ramorino, Vitelli ; Signors Nencini, 
Rasi. 
Germanic : Professor Parodi; Signors 

Fasola, Weile. 
Romance: Professors Mazzoni, Rajna; 
Signors Bacci, Barbi, Parodi, Volpi. 
Philosophy : Professors Conti, Tocco. 
History : Professors Coen, Puini, Del 

Vecchio, Villari ; Signor Franchetti. 
Archeology : Professors Fesri, Milani, 
Paoli; Signors Bertolotto, Schiaparelli, 
Teloni. 

SCIENCE. 

Astronomy : Professor Abetti. 
Physics : Professor Roiti ; Signors Mar- 
angoni, Salvioni. 



Chemistry : Professor Schiff. 
Mineralogy: Professor Grattarola; Sig- 

no>- D'Achiardi. 
Geology and Geography : Professors 

De Stefani, Marinelli ; Signor Ristori. 
Biology : Professors Fano, Giglioli, 

Mantegazza, Mattirolo, Targioni-Toz- 

zetti; Signors Baroni, Batelli, Bottazzi. 

Danielli, Marcbi, Oddi, Regalia. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors Bajardi, Banti, Bufalini, 
Chiarugi, Colzi, Filippi, Grocco, Lustig, 
Mya, Paoli, Pellizzari, Pestalozza, Roster, 
Tanzi ; Signors Acconci, Agostini, Ba- 
quis, Barbacci, Bargellini, Bonardi, Borri, 
Celoni, Centanni, Coronedi, Ferruta, 
Flora, Gabbi, Galeotti, Giarre, Grazzi, 
Del Greco, Grilli, Lumbroso, Man- 
tegazza, Prof eta, Rossi, Silvestri, Silve- 
strini, Sirni, Staderini, Tedeschi, Toti, 
Trambusti. 



GENOA, Italy. 
REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI GENOVA. 

This university, founded in 18 12, is under the same regulations 
as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 132, 133. 

Enquiries may be addressed to the direttore di segretaria, 
Signor Giovanni Oxilia. 



Professors and Lecturers. 



ARTS. 

Languages. — Semitic: Signor DalF- 

Orto. 
Classical : Professors Cerrato, Euse- 

bio, Fumi ; Signor Pais. 
Germanic : Signor Dall' Orto. 
Romance : Professor's Barrili, De Lol- 

lis ; Signors Guarnerio, Mango, No- 

vara. 
Comparative Philology : Professor 
Bariola. 



Philosophy : Professors Asturaro, Ben- 

zoni, Ferrari ; Signors Cecchi, Chi- 

nazzi. 
Political Science: Professors Asturaro, 

Drago, Ponsiglioni. 
History : Professor Manfroni; Signors 

Cecchi, Oberziner, Rosi. 
Pedagogy : Professor Benzoni. 
Archeology : Signor Eusebio. 
Architecture : Professor Resasco. 



H8 



MESSINA. 



Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
fessors Garbieri, Loria, Monteverde, 
Piuma, Pizzetti ; Signors Giudice, 
Morera, Perroni. 

Physics : Professors Pietro Maria Gari- 
baldi, Morera. 

Chemistry : Professor Pellizzari. 

Mineralogy : Professor Negri. 

Geology and Geography : Profs sor 
Issel ; Signor Squinabol. 

Biology : Professors Cattaneo, Grossi, 
Parana, Penzig. 

Engineering : Professors Morera, Piz- 
zetti ; Signors Garbieri, Pellizzari, 
Rombo. 

LAW. 

Professors Paolo Emilio Bensa, Big- 
liati, Castellari, Cogliolo, Del Vecchio, 
De Murtas-Zichina, Drago, Grasso, 



Manara, Manenti, Mecacci, Roncali, 
Rossello, Ruffini, Severi, Traverso, 
Wautrain-Cavagnari ; Signors Enrico 
Bensa, Berlingieri, Antonio Castellari, 
Cereseto, Civoli, Flora, Grego, Martinelli, 
Pipia, Porrini, Restano. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors Acconci, Brigidi, Canalis, 
Caselli, Pietro Maria Garibaldi, Gio- 
vanni Garibaldi, Griffini, Lachi, Livi- 
erato, Maragliano, Giulio Masini, Mori- 
sani, Morselli, Mosso, Oddi, Parana, 
Pellizzari, Profeta, Secondi, Severi ; Sig- 
nors Basso, Bossi, Cantu, Capranica, 
Casini, Cioja, Devoto, Ferrari, Giuria, 
Jemma, Levi, Livierato, Lucatello, Ar- 
turo Masini, Andrea Mazza, Giuseppe 
Mazza, Motta, Perrando, Poli, Polimanti, 
Sacchi, Staderini, Verdese. 



MESSINA, Italy. 
REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI MESSINA. 

This university, founded in 1838, is under the same regulations 

as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 132, 133. 

Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Giuseppe 

Caracciolo. 

Professors and Lecturers. 



ARTS. 

Languages. — Classical : Professors 
Michelangeli, Pascoli ; Signors Con- 
soli, Crivellari. 

Romance : Professors Cian, Restori ; 
Signor Cesareo. 
Comparative Philology : Professor 

Michelangeli. 
Philosophy : Professors Cesca, Fisi- 

chella. 
Political Science : Professor Supino ; 

Signor Fleres. 
History : Professors Romano, Tropea ; 

Signor Porena. 
Archeology : Professor Tropea. 
Architecture : Signors Di Bella, 

Queriau. 

SCIENCE. 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
fessors De Berardinis, Marcolongo> 
Martinetti, Vivanti ; Signors Caco - 
pardo, Visalli. 



Physics : Professor Salvioni. 
Chemistry : Professor Errera ; Signor 

Giannetto. 
Mineralogy and Geology : Professor 

La Valle. 
Geography : Professor Bertacchi. 
Biology : Professor Ficalbi ; Signor 

Lessona. 

LA IV. 

Professors Ascoli, Buscemi, Cesareo, 
De Cola-Proto, Faranda, Lilla, Macri, 
Manenti, Oliva, Sraffa, Ugo, Venezian ; 
Signors Carnazza, Fulci, Puglia, Sciacca, 
Segre. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors Colella, Crisafulli, Ferraro, 
Gabbi, Gaglio, Giuseppe, G. Pugliatti, 
R. Pugliatti, Rosario Salomoni, Scimemi, 
Trombetta, Weiss, Ziino, Zincone ; Sig- 
nors Cambria, Cammareri, Fusari, Melle, 
Terni, Testa, Tornatola. 



ITAL Y. 139 

MILAN, Italy. 
REGIA ACADEMIA SCIENTIFICO-LITTERARIA DI MILANO. 

This school, founded in 1859, * s un der the same regulations as 

all the universities of Italy: see pp. 132, 133. 

Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Emilio De 

Mar cm. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

ARTS. 

Languages. — Classical : Professor de Philosophy : Professors Jandelli, Lu- 

Inama, Giussani. ciano, Zuccante ; Signor Vignoli. 

Germanic : Professor Friedmann ; History : Professor Rolando. 

Signor a Schiff. Pedagogy : Signor Martinazzoli. 

Romance : Professors Dupuy, Novati, Archeology : Signor s Ambrosoli, Ce- 

Scherillo ; Signors Emilio, De riani, Attilio De Marchi, Serafino. 

Marchi, Ferrieri. Geography : Professor Savio ; Signor 

Comparative Philology : Professor Ricchieri. 
Ascoli. 

MODENA, Italy. 

REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI MODENA. 

This university, founded in 1683, is under the same regulations 
as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 132, 133. 

Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Achille 
Campiole. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

ARTS. LAW. 

Political Science : Professor Valenti ; Professors Borri, Brandoli, Franchi, 

Signor Franchi. Melucci, Morelli, Olivi, Petrone, Sabba- 

Architecture : Signor Cavazzuti. tini, Serafini, Strani, Triani ; Signors 

science. Borciani, Conigliani, Ferrarini, Mar- 

Mathematics : Professor Nicoletti, Del chetti > Pacchioni. 

Re; Signors Nicoli, Valeri. medicine. 

Physics : Professor Chistoni. Professors Albertotti, Berti, Borri, 

Chemistry : Professor Magnanini ; Sig- Casarini, Cesari, Fabbri, Fusari, Gal- 

nor Maissen. vagni, Maggiora, Puglia, Tamburini, 

Geology and Mineralogy : Professor Ruggi, Vanni, Vassale ; Signors Belmon- 

Pantanelli. do, Bertacchini, Casciani, Govi, Guic- 

BiOLOGY : Professors Monticelli, Mori ; ciardi, Levi, Monari, Nasi, Petrazzani, 

Signors Macchiati, Roncaglia. Ravaglia, Riccardi, Roncaglia, Saltini. 

NAPLES, Italy. 

REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI NAPOLI. 

This university, founded in 1224, is under the same regulations 
as all the tmiversities of Italy; see pp. 132, 133. 



140 



NAPLES. 



For the zoological station at Naples see p. 149. 
Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Odoardo 
Santoro. 

Professors and Lecturers. 



ARTS. 

Languages. — Semitic : Professor Buo- 
nazia. 

Indo-Iranian : Professor Kerbaker. 

Classical: Professors Cocchia, Flores, 
Kerbaker ; Signors De Gennaro, 
D'Ovidio, Pascal. 

Romance : Professors D'Ovidio, Zum- 
bini ; Signors Agresti, Percopo, Pru- 
denzano, Zingarelli. 
Philosophy : Professors Chiappelli, 

Masci ; Signors Bosurgi, Fimiani, 

Maturi, Memola, Tarantino. 
Political Science : Signors Betocchi, 

Colaianni, D'Ippolito, Lioy, Mazzola, 

Miraglia, Nitti, Tammeo. 
History: Professors De Blasiis, Holm, 

Mariano ; Signors Biamonte, Correra, 

Faraglia, Schipa. 
Archeology : Professors De Petra, 

Sogliano ; Signor Patroni. 
Architecture: Professor Czpoccv, Sig- 
nors Bellini, Curri, Fischetti, Folinea, 

Giuliani, Laneri, Tango. 
Pedagogy : Professor Fornelli ; Signor 

Vecchia. 

SdENCE. 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
fessors Capelli, Cesaro, Cua, Del Pezzo, 
Fergola, Montesano, Nobile, Pinto, 
Raucci. Salvatore-Dino, Siacci ; Sig- 
nors Amanzio, Amodeo, Angelitti, 
Avena, Bellini, Brambilla, Campanile, 
Ise, Masoni, Nicodemi, Rinonapoli. 

Physics: /"ro/^^r^Palmieri.Villari; Sig- 
nors Campanile, Ciccone, Del Gaizo, 
Guiliani, Mercalli, Palazzo, Semmola. 

Chemistry: Professor Oglialoro-Todaro; 
Signors Forte, Januario, Napolitano, 
Sardo, Zinno. 

Mineralogy: Professor Scacchi; Signor 
Franco. 

Geology : Professor Bassani ; Signors 
De Loreffzo, Johnston-Lavis, Matteuci. 

Geography : Professor Porena. 

Biology : Professor Costa, Delia Valle, 
Dclpino, Nicolucci, Paladino, Trin- 



chese ; Signors Balsamo, Berlese, 
Colosi, Comes, Geremicca, Lucarelli, 
Mazzarelli, Monticelli, Palma, Pas- 
quale, Raffaele. 

LAW. 

Professors Arcoleo, Bovio, Fadda, 
Fiore, Emmanuele Gianturco, Lomo- 
naco, Marghieri, Milone, Miraglia, Na- 
podano, Pepere, Persico, Pessina, Sca- 
duto, Viti ; Signors Abignente, Alimena, 
Amellino, Arangio Ruiz, Betocchi, 
Biondi, Campese, Cannada-Bartoli, Car- 
nevale, Ciccaglione, Ciccarelli, Contuzzi, 
Coviello, De Cillis, Di Maio, De Marinis, 
Di Martino, De Roberto, Gagliardi, 
Gargiulo, Girardi, Grippo, Guariglia, 
Guarracino, Lanza, Lombardi, F. Longo, 
M. Longo, Manenti, Marino, Masucci, 
Minutillo, Napodano, Perrone, Petroni, 
Pisapia, Rubino, Salvia, Scalamandre, 
Schiappoli, Semmola, Sorgente, Squitti, 
Summonte, Tuozzi, Varcasia, Vigliarolo. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors Albini, Antonelli, Armanni, 
Bianchi, Boccardi, Cardarelli, Chirone, 
Corrado, Cozzolino, D'Ambrosio, D'An- 
tona, De Amicis, De Giaxa, De Martini, 
De Renzi, De Vincentiis, Frusci, Gal- 
lozzi, Malerba, Massei.Morisani, Rummo, 
Schron, Semmola, Vizioli ; Signors 
Aiello, Ajevoli, Amoroso, Antonelli, 
Arena, Baculo, Bernabei, Biondi, Bran- 
caccio, Breglia, Buonomo, Cacciapuoti, 
Caccioppoli, Cagnetta, Calabrese, Cam- 
pione, Cantarano, Capozzi, Caruso, Ciar- 
amelli, Ciccone, Cirincione, Colella, 
Conca, Costabile, Cotronei, D'Amore, 
D'Evant, De Bisogno, De Bonis, De 
Dominicis, De Grazia, De Luca, De 
Michele, De Paolis, De Sanctis, 
De Simone, Del Gaizo, Del Vecchio, 
Di Giacomo, Di Lorenzo, Ducrey, Fal- 
cone, Fasano, Eugenio Fazio, Ferdi- 
nando Fazio, Fede, Ferrajolo, Ferran- 
nini, Ferrara, Folinea, Fornario, Franco, 
Gauthier, Gianturco, Gioffredi, Greco, 



ITAL Y. 



141 



Gregoraci, Guarino, Jacontini, Jappelli, 
Jennaco, Laccetti, Lauro, Leocata, Lo- 
bello, Lup6, Magnarapa, Manfredi, Mar- 
siglia, Masucci, Maturi, Mazziotti, Melle, 
Meola, Miranda, Moauro, Montefusco, 
Morano, Morelli, Morra, Ninni, Novi, 
Oro, Pane, Pianese, Pansini, Paolucci, 
Parascandolo, Alessandro Pascale, Gio- 
vanni Pasquale, Patroni, Pecoraro, Pedi- 
cini, Pellecchia, Penta, Petteruti, Pic- 



cinino, Piretti, Polignani, Radice, Raf- 
faele, Reale, Renzone, Ria, Romanelli, 
Romano, Rubino, Salvati, Salvi, Salvia, 
Scalese, Scervini, Scibelli, Scotti, Senise, 
Sgobbo, Sgrosso, Spatuzzi, Spinelli, 
Squillante, Stanziale, Tamburrini, Te- 
deschi, Tortora, Traversa, Tria, Vetere, 
Virgilio, Vitone, Vizioli, Volpe, Zagari, 
Zuccarelli. 



PADUA, Italy. 
REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI PADUA. 

This university, founded in 1222, is under the same regulations 
as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 132, 133. 

Enquiries may be addressed to the direttore di segretaria, Sig- 
nor . 

Professors and Lecturers. 



Languages — Semitic : Signor Lolli. 
INDO-IRANIAN : Professor Teza. 



Classical 
Ferrai, 
Ercole. 

Germanic 



Professors Cortese, E. 
Gnesotto, Setti ; Signor 



Professor Baragiola ; 
Signor Weigelsperg. 
Romance : Professors Crescini, Flam- 
ini, Galanti, Medin. 
Philosophy : Professors Ardigo, Bona- 
telli, Ferrari, Ragnisco ; Signors Dan- 
dolo, Morando. 
History : Professors L. A. Ferrai, 
Gloria, De Leva, Pinton ; Signors 
Callegari, Musatti, Raulich. 
Geography : Professor Pennesi ; Sig- 
nor Biasiutti. 
Architecture : Professor Hesse. 



Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
fessors D'Arcais, Bordiga, Favaro, 
Gazzaniga, Legnazzi, Levi-Civita, 
Lorenzoni, Padova, Ricci, Salvotti, 
Veronese ; Signor Chiri. 

Physics : Professor Vicentini ; Signor 
Lussana. 



Chemistry : Professor Nasini ; Signors 
Anderlini, Carrara, Spica-Marcataio. 

Geology and Mineralogy : Professors 
Omboni, Panebianco. 

Geodesy : Signor Miari-Fulcis. 

Biology : Professors Berlese, Canes- 
trini, Saccardo ; Signors Arrigoni, 
Crevatin, Fiori, Tedesch, de Toni. 

LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. 

Professors Brugi, Cavagnari, Ferraris, 
Franceschini, Landucci, Levi-Catellani, 
Loria, Polacco, Sacerdoti, Giov. Tamas- 
sia, Tuozzi ; Signors Armanni, Besta, 
Castori, Conigliani, Contento, Fedozzi, 
Leoni, Luzzatti, Monte-Martini, Norsa, 
Sitta, Dalla Volta. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors Bassini, Belmondo, Bo- 
nome, Breda, Castellino, Cervesato, 
Chirone, De Giovanni, Gradenigo, In- 
verardi, Marfori, Salvioli, Schwarz, Sera- 
fini, Stefani, A. Tamassia, Tricomi, Vla- 
covich ; Signors Alessio, Bolzoni, 
Bonuzzi, Borgherini, Bosma, Catterina, 
Cavazzani, Ceconi, Cordaro, Dalle Ore, 
Ferrari, Lussana, Maggia, Manca, Mas- 
salongo, Ovio, Penzo, Querenghi, Righi, 
Stefani, Tedeschi, Zaniboni. 



142 



PARMA. 



PALERMO, Italy. 
REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI PALERMO. 

This university, founded in 1779, is under the same regulations 
as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 132, 133. 

Enquiries may be addressed to the direttore di segretaria, Sig- 
nor B. Bruno. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

ARTS. 

Languages. — Semitic : Signor Lagu- 
mina. 
Classical : Professor Giri ; Signor 

Cosentino. 
Romance : Signors Amico, Di Gre- 
gorio, Mango, Pipitone. 
Philosophy : Professors Di Giovanni, 



History : Professors Columba, Sira- 

gusa. 
Archeology : Professor Salinas. 
Architecture : Professors Almeyda, 

Basile, Salemi-Pace ; Signors Gem- 

mellaro, Romano. 

SCIENCE. 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
fessors Angelitti, Gerbaldi, Guccia, 
Maisano, Torelli, Venturi ; Signors 
Albeggiani, Paterno, Soler, Zona. 

Physics : Professors Caldarera, Maca- 
luso, Pagliani ; Signors Cantoni, 
Gebbia. 

Chemistry : Professot Peratoner ; Sig- 
nors Leone, Minunni, Oddo. 

Mineralogy and Geolocy : Professor 
Gemmellaro. 

Geography : Professor Richieri ; Sig- 
nors Battista, Siragusa, Zona. 

Biology : Professors Borzi, Kleinen- 
berg ; Signors Lo Jacono, Ross, Ter- 
racciano 

Agriculture : Signor Ziino. 



Hygiene : Signor Leone. 

Engineering : Professors Caldarera, 
Capito, Pagliani, Pintacuda, Venturi ; 
Signors Albeggiani, Cusumano, Geb- 
bia, Rotigliano. 

LA IV AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. 

Professors Agnetta di Gentile, Cu- 
sumano, Guarneri, Gugino, Impallomeni, 
Orlando, Maggiore-Perni, Papa D'Ami- 
co, Paternostro, Ricca-Salerno, Ricco- 
bono, Salvioli, Sampolo, Schiattarella ; 
Signors G. D'Aguanno, De Cola Proto, 
Di Bernardo, Leto-Silvestri, Li Donni, 
Longo, Merenda, Pagano, Scherma, Si- 
ciliano, Alfonso Siragusa, Todaro. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors Angelucci, Argento, Cer- 
vello, Chiarleoni, Giuffre, Manfredi, 
Marcacci, Marchesano, Mondino, Mon- 
talti, Monti, Randacio, Rurarao, Sirena, 
Tansini, Tommasoli ; Signors Acquisto, 
Ajello, Alessi, Brancaleone, Carini, 
Caruso-Pecoraro, A. D'Aguanno, De 
Bono, DeGrazia, Di Blasi, Dotto, Faraci, 
Ferrannini, Ficano, Fodera, Giglio, 
Giliberti, Lazzaro, Lipari, Lo Jacono, 
Mannino, Mirto, Misuraca, Piazza-Mar- 
tini, Pernice, Bernardo Salemi-Pace, 
Salomone-Marino, Scardulla, Spallitta, 
Rosolino Tusa, Salvatore Tusa. 



PARMA, Italy. 
REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI PARMA. 

This university, founded in 1422, is under the same regulations 
as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 132, 133. 

Enquiries may be addressed to the direttore di segretaria, Sig- 
nor Antonio Pigorini. 



ITAL Y. 



143 



Professors and Lecturers. 



SCIENCE. 

Mathematics: Professors Lavaggi, Ras- 

chi, Vecchi. 
Physics : Professor Cardani. 
Chemistry : Professor Mazzara. 
Geology : Professor Uzielli. 
Mineralogy : Signor Simonelli. 
Biology : Professor Avetta ; Signors 

Binna, Coggi, Negrini. 
Architecture: Signors Bartoli, Marini. 

LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. 

Professors Arduini, Bolaffio, Bonfante, 



Brandileone, Laghi, Laviosa, Malgarini, 
Perozzi, De Pirro, Redenti, Tommasini, 
Zanzucchi ; Signors Berenini, Costa, For- 
nasari, Riccobono, Tartufari. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors Ceccherelli, Corona, Cugini, 
Ferrari, Gallenga, Inzani, Mibelli, Mo- 
lina, Rattone, Riva, Tenchini, Truzzi, 
Ughi ; Signors Baistrocchi, Bocchi, Ca- 
prara, Colucci, Coulliaux, Crosti, Guiz- 
zetti, Monguidi, Pozzoli, Sacchi, Verdelli, 
Zoja. 



PA VIA, Italy. 
REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI PAVIA. 

This university, founded in 1361, is under the same regulations 
as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 132, 133. 

Enquiries may be addressed to the direttore di segretaria, Sig- 
nor Carlo Felice Restagno. 

Professors and Lecturers. 



ARTS. 

Languages. — Classical : Professors 
Canna, Rasi. 

Germanic : Signor Schiff. 

Romance : Professors Gorra, Rossi ; 
Signor Restori. 
Comparative Philology : Professor 

Salvioni. 
Philosophy : Professors Cantoni, Cre- 

daro ; Signors De Domenicis, Iuvalta, 

Mantovani. 
Political Economy : Professor Benini ; 

Signor Gobbi. 
HiSTORY : Professors Lazzarini, Merkel ; 

Signor Romano. 
Pedagogy : Professor De Dominicis. 
Archaeology : Professor Mariani. 
Architecture : Professor Brusotti. 

SCIENCE. 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
fessor Aschieri, Belcredi, Pascal, 
Platner, Somigliana ; Signors Berzo- 
lari, Formenti, Pannelli, Vivanti. 

Physics : Professors Bartoli, Cantone, 
Formenti; Signors Gerosa, De Marchi. 



Chemistry : Professor Tullio Brugna- 

telli ; Signor Purgotti. 
Mineralogy : Signors Artini, Luigi 

Brugnatelli. 
Geology: Professor TaxameMi ; Signors 

Mariani, Salomon, Tommasi. 
Geography : Professor Bellio. 
Biology : Professors Briosi, Maggi, Pa- 

vesi. 

LAW. 

Professors Buzzatti, Cattaneo, Civoli, 
Del Giudice, Ferrini, Longo, Mariani, 
Mazzola, Minguzzi, Simoncelli, Vidari ; 
Signors Eliseo, Majno, Nulli, Vacchelli. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors Baldi, Bottini, Falchi, Filo- 
musi Guelfi, Golgi, Maggi, Mangiagalli, 
Mazzucchelli, Mouti, Oehl, Orsi, Pavesi, 
Raggi, Sangalli, Scarenzio, Silva, Sor- 
mani, Zoia ; Signors Cantu, Clivio, 
Ferrari, Gorini, Jemoli, Levi, Maggi, 
Mazza, Pestalozza, Platschik, Rampoldi, 
Resinelli, Staurenghi, Stefanini, Zam- 
bianchi. 



144 PISA. 

PERUGIA, Italy. 
UNIVERSITA LIBERA DEGLI STUDI DI PERUGIA. 

This university, founded in 1266, is under the same regulations 

as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 132, 133. 

Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Vittorio 

Marini. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

Political Science : Professor Benini. medicine. 

Professors Adriani, Axenfeld, Batelli, 

law. Bellucci, Coggi, De Paoli, Madruzza^ 

Professors Brunamonti, Carusi, Cuturi, Patella, Pisenti, Rossi, Ruata, Salvioni, 

Innamorati, Miceli, Puviani, Scalvanti, Va'enti ; Signers Agostini, Badaloni, 

Tarducci ; Signors Giannantoni, Tancetti. Cecchini, Kruch, Zanetti. 

PISA, Italy. 
REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI PISA. 
This university, founded in 1343, is under the same regulations 
as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 132, 133. 

Enquiries may be addressed to the direttore di segretaria, 
Signor Giacomo Enrico Rossetti. 

Professors and Lecturers. 
arts. Pacinotti ; Signors Fae, Lauricella, 

Languages. — Indo-Iranian : Professor Stefanini. 

Pulle. Chemistry : Professor Tassinari ; Sig- 

CLASSICAL : Professor Tartara, Zam- nors Antony, Garbasso. 

baldi ; Signor Nencini. Geology and Mineralogy : Professors 

Romance : Professors Biadene, D'An- D'Achiardi, Canavari, Zaccagna. 

cona, Flamini. Geography : Professor Sottini ; Signor 

Comparative Philology : Professor Zaccagna. 

Pulle. Biology : Professors Arcangeli, Richi- 

History OF Literature : Signor ardi ; Signors Bonardi, Bottini. 

Barbi. 
Philosophy : Professors Jaja, Paoli, law. 

Rossi, Professors E. Bianchi, Buonamici, 

History : Professors Crivellucci, Pais ; Calisse, Codacci-Pisanelli, Corsi, Gabba, 
Signor Lupi. Mortara, Napodano, Pampaloni, Sadun, 

Political Science : Professor Toniolo. Supino, Vacchelli ; Signors Anzilotti, 
Archaeology; Professor Ghirardini ; Baisini, Brunetti, Giannini, Lessona, 
Signor Lupi. Magri, Petrone, Sighele, Tiranti, Zer- 

Agriculture : Professor Calderini ; boglio. 

Signor Ristori. medicine. 

science. Professors Aducco, Ceci, Ducrey, 

Mathematics: Professors Bertini, L. Fedeli, Fubini, Grazzi, Guarnieri, Maf- 

Bianchi, Dini, Finzi, Nardi-Dei ; Sig- fucci, Manfredi, Pad, Pinzani, Queirolo, 

nors Bettazzi, Biagivi, Ciani, Enriquez, Romiti, Sadun, Di Vestea ; Signors Bat- 

Lazzeri. telli, Bertelli, Burci, D'Abundo, Fra- 

Physics : Professors Battelli, Maggi, scani, Marchionneschi, Minati, Sonsino. 



ITAL Y. 



145 



ROME, Italy. 
REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI ROMA. 

This university, founded in 1303, is under the same regulations 
as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 132, 133. 

Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Teles- 
foro Daretti. 

Professors and Lecturers. 



Languages. — Semitic : Professors Gui- 
di, Schiaparelli. 
Indo-Iranian : Professors De Guber- 

natis, Valenziani. 
Classical : Professors Cugnoni, Halb- 
herr, Monaci, Piccolomini, De Rug- 
giero ; Signors Albini, Levi, Vag- 
lieri. 
English : Signor Garlanda. 
Romance : Projessors Ceci, De Guber- 
natis, Monaci ; Signors Castagnola, 
Cesareo, Martini, Salvadori. 
Comparative Philology : Professor 

Ceci ; Signor Cima. 
History of Literature : Signor 

Zannoni. 
Philosophy : Professors Barzellotti, La- 
briola, Turbiglio ; Signors D' Alfonso, 
Gizzi, Tarozzi. 
History : Professors Beloch, Labanca, 
Monticolo, Pigorini ; Signors Can- 
tarelli, De Sanctis, Tomassetti, Zan- 
noni. 
Art and Archeology : Professors 
Lanciani, Loewy, Pigorini, de Rug- 
gero ; Signors Vaglieri, Venturi. 
Architecture : Professors Calderini, 
Gui, Rosso ; Signor Manfredi. 

SCIENCE. 

Mathematics : Professors Beltrami, 
Biolcbini, Castelnuovo, Ceradini, Cer- 
ruti, Cremona, Nagy, Pittarelli, Reina, 
Tonelli ; Signors Bortolotti, Fano, Di 
Legge, Sella. 

Physics : Professors Ascoli, Beltrami, 
Blaserna, Saviotti ; Signor Banti. 

Chemistry : Professors Cannizzaro, 
Giorgis, Paterno di Sessa ; Signors 
Miolati, Montemartini. 



Mineralogy: Pro r essor Striiver. 

Geology : Professors Meli, Portis ; 
Signors De Angelis, Viola. 

Geography : Professor Dalla Vedova. 

Biology : Professors Carruccio, Grassi, 
Magini, Marro, Pirotta, Sergi ; Sig- 
nors Brizi, Buscalioni, Carruccio, 
Colini, Grossi, Kruch, Lanzi, Magini, 
Marchesini, Mingazzini, Moschen, Te- 
deschi, Todaro, Vinciguerra. 

Engineering : Professors Ceradini, Fa- 
vero, Giorgis, Nazzani, Savrotti. 

LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. 

Professors Galluppi, Galluzzi, Filomusi 
Guelfi, De Marco, Messedaglia, Meucci, 
Nocito, Pierantoni, Schupfer, Scialoja, 
Semeraro ; Signors Brunialti, Caporali, 
Carusi, Facelli, Ferri, Lessona, Lorini, 
Manna, Mari, Martini, Orano, Petrone, 
Racioppi, Salandra, Schanzer, Tangorra, 
Trincheri, Valenti. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors Baccelli, Businelli, Cam- 
pana, Celli, Colasanti, Durante, d'Urso, 
Luciani, Marchiafava, Mingazzini, Oc- 
chini, Pasquali, De Rossi, Rossoni, 
Sciamanna, Todaro, Toscani, Tommasi- 
Crudeli, Valenti, Versari ; Signors Alba- 
nese, Arcangeli, Ascoli, Bastianelli, 
Bignami, Concetti, Curatulo, D'Anna, 
De Sanctis, De Semo, Dutto, Faraci, 
Fermi, Ferraresi, Ferreri, Fortunati, La 
Torre, Leoni, Lomonaco, Manara, Ma- 
rocco, Mazzoni, Mingazzini, Padula, 
Parisotti, Pensuti, Postempski, Rbo, 
Rossi, Scalzi, Scellingo, Tarulli, Tassi, 
Versari. 



146 ROME. 

AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES IN ROME. 

This school, which was opened in 1S94, has the same general 
objects as the American School of Classical studies at Athens ; see 
p. 12S. 

All the courses and privileges of the school are open to women 
on the same conditions as to men. Bachelors of Arts of American 
colleges of good standing and persons who are able to submit satis- 
factory proof that their studies have been such as to enable them 
to pursue advanced courses of work at the school may become 
members. Americans residing or travelling in Italy who are not 
members of the school may, at the discretion of the directors, be 
admitted to its privileges. 

Application for admission should be addressed to Casino dell' 
Aurora, via Lombardia, Rome, or to Professor Minton War- 
ren, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. 

The academic year begins on October 15th and ends on June 1st. 

No charges are made for tuition. 

Two fellowships of the value of $600 and one of the value of 
$500, for the study of Christian Archaeology, are usually awarded 
in each year on the result of an examination held about the middle 
of March. They are open to all Bachelors of Arts of universities 
and colleges in the United States and to other American students of 
similar attainments. 

All particulars may be obtained from Professor Minton War- 
ren, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. 

Director of the school in 1898-99, Professor Tracy Peck, 
Professor of Latin Language and Literature, Yale University ; 
Director of the School from 1899 to 1904, Mr. Richard Norton. 

KAISERLICHE DEUTSCHES ARCHAOLOGISCHES INSTITUT. 

For particulars see p. 129. 

ECOLE FRANCAISE DE ROME. 

Similar in organisation to the Ecole Francaise d' Athenes ; see p. 
130. Director, M. l'Abbe Duchesne; honorary director, M. Le 
Blant. 



ITAL Y. 147 

SASSARI, Sardinia. 
REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI SASSARI. 

This university, founded in 15^6, is under the same regulations 
as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 132, 133. 

Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Michele 
Cossu. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

Political Science : Professor Pinna- medicine. 

Ferra. Professors Binna, Conti, Fiori, Maz- 

law. zotto, Nicotra, Patrizi, Pitzorno, Rava, 

Professors Besto, Bibbiana, Demurtas- Roth, Sclavo, Simula, Traversa, Valente, 
Zichina, Detlori, De Villa, Manunta- Vincenzi. 
Manca, Mariotti, Piras, Soro Delitala ; 
Signors Castiglia, Manca Leoni, Mossa, 
Pitzolo. 

SIENA, Italy. 

REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI SIENA. 

This university, founded in the 14th century, is under the same 
regulations as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 132, 133. 

Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Temistocle 

MOZZANI. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

law. bei, Bianchi, Bocci, Cantieri, Falaschi, 

Professors Ciacci, Civoli, Diena, Gra- Funaioli, Guaita, Gucci, Morisani, Mor- 

ziani, Leporini, Lessona, Moriani, Pa- purgo, Ottolenghi, Raimondi, Sanqumco, 

tetta, Rossi, Virgilii, Vitali, Zanichelli ; Spediacci, Tassi ; Signors Bianchi, Bor- 

Signors Castellari, Falaschi, Giannantoni, doni» Borgiotti, Cattaneo, Colombim, 

Ottolenghi, Ranelletti, Zdekauer. ^calbi, Gasparnni, Giacommi, Lussano, 

& Mibelh, Morpurgo, Nanotti, Remedi, 

medicine. Ruffini, Sanarelli, Scarlini, Tassi. 

Professors Barbacci, Barduzzi, Berna- 

TURIN, Italy. 
REGIA UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI TORINO. 

This university, founded in 141 2, is under the same regulations 
as all the universities of Italy; see pp. 132, 133. 

Enquiries may be addressed to the direttore di segretaria, Sig- 
nor Emilio Lucio. 



URBINO. 



Professors and Lecturers. 



ARTS. 

Languages. — Semitic and Indo-Iran- 
ian : Professor Pizzi ; Signor Na- 
zari. 
Classical : Professors Fraccaroli, 
Stampini ; Signors Garizio, Val- 
maggi, Zuretti. 
Romance: Professors Graf, Renier; 
Signors Camus, Cian, Gabotto, 
Gorra. 
Comparative Philology : Profes.or 

Pezzi. 
Philosophy: Professors Bobba, D'Er- 

cole ; Signors Billia, Zuccante. 
PoLiTiCALEcoNOMYjjPw^w^Cognetti, 
De Martiis ; Signors Einaudi, Iannac- 
cone, Mase-Dari. 
History : Professor Cipolla ; Signors 

Garizio, Manfroni, Merkel. 
Pedagogy : Professor Allievo. 
Archeology: Professors Ferrero, Rossi; 

Signor Schiaparelli. 
Architecture : Professor Ceppi. 

SCIENCE. 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
fessors Berzolari, D'Ovidio, Jadanza 
Peano, Segre ; Signors Bettazzi, Guar- 
ducci, Pieri, Porro, Zanotti-Bianco. 

Physics : Professors Naccari, Volterra ; 
Signors Campetti, Garbasso, Rizzo. 

Chemistry : Professor Fileti ; Signor 
Ponzio. 

Mineralogy : Professor Spezia. 



Geology : Professor Parona ; Signors 

Sacco, Piolti. 
Biology : Professors Camerano, Mosso ; 

Signors Belli, Buscalioni, Giglio-Tos, 

Rosa, Voglino. 



Professors Bertolini, Brondi, Brusa, 
Carle, Castellari, Chironi, Ferroglio, 
Fusinato, Germano, Mattirolo, Mosca, 
Nani, Ronga ; Signors Amar, Arno, Bal- 
lerini-Velio, Brezzo, Cattaneo, Dusi, 
Frassati, Garelli, Gariazzo, Lombroso, 
Pasquali, Righini, Tedesclii. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors Bizzozero, Bozzolo, Bruno, 
Carle, Foa, Fusari, Giacosa, Giovannini,. 
Gradenigo, Lombroso, Angelo Mosso, 
Pagliani, Perroncito, Reymond, Silva, 
Tibone ; Signors Bajardi, Belfanti, Bene- 
dicenti, Bergesio, Bono, Bordoni-Uffre- 
duzzi, Caponotto, Carbone, Carbonelli, 
Carrara, Cavallero, Cesaris-Demel, Ciar- 
toso, Cognetti De-Martiis, Corradi, 
Dionisio, Ferri, Ferria, Fileti, Gosio, 
Grandis, Martinotti, Marro, Mo, Motta, 
Muscatello, Monari, Musso, Naccari, 
Negro, Oliva, Ottolenghi, Patrizi, Pel- 
lizzi, Peroni, Pescarolo, Peschel, Rain- 
eri, Resegotti, Riva-Rocci, Roncoroni, 
Sacerdotti, Salvioli, Sansoni, Sclavo, 
Scofone, Secondi, Sperino, Varaglia, 
Vicarelli, Vinay. 



URBINO, Italy. 

LIBERA UNIVERSITA PROVINCIALE. 

This university, founded in 1671, is under the same regulations 
as all the universities of Italy, see pp. 132, 133. 

Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Signor Camillo 
Bardovagni. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

Political Science : Signor Vecchiotti- Vanni ; Signors Valenti, Vecchiotti- An- 
Antaldi. taldi. 

LAW. 

Professors Budassi, Dusi, Meriggioli, 
Mircoli, Fiocchi-Nicolai, Siotto-Pintor, Professor Bedeschi. 



ITAL Y. 149 

NAPLES, Italy. 
STAZIONE ZO'OLOGICA. 

This morphological and physiological laboratory, founded in 
1872 and arranged for independent research in zoology, botany and 
physiology, is open to women on the same conditions as to men. 
Permission to use a table in the laboratory may be obtained, accord- 
ing to the nationality of the applicant, from the Ministers of Edu- 
cation of Germany, Austria, Hungary, Russia, Holland, Belgium, 
Italy, Switzerland; from the Universities of Oxford and Cam- 
bridge, England; or in the United States from the authorities of 
the Smithsonian Institute, from the Association for Maintaining an 
American Women's Table, or from Columbia University. For the 
student who thus obtains permission the laboratory is open for the 
whole year free of charge ; private persons who take a table for 
their own use pay 2,500 francs ($500) per year or fraction of a year. 

In 1898 an association was formed for maintaining an American 
Women's table at the station. Permission to use this table is 
granted by the executive board of the association and pi'eference is 
given to well qualified women applicants, but if no suitable women 
present themselves men are eligible in their stead. The appoint- 
ments are made for a longer or shorter period as may seem expe- 
dient, and the scholars may be given financial aid if necessary. As 
many as three scholars may be elected at one time. The applica- 
tion should be addressed to the Secretary of the Executive Board, 
Miss Ida H. Hyde, 1 Berkeley Street, Cambridge, Mass., from 
whom all particulars may be obtained. The remaining members 
of the Executive Board are : President M. Carey Thomas, chair- 
man, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pa. ; Mrs. Alice Freeman 
Palmer, treasurer, 1 1 Quincy Street, Cambridge, Mass. ; Miss 
Florence Cushing, 8 Walnut Street, Boston, Mass. ; Miss Laura 
D. Gill, 26 Prospect Street, Northampton, Mass. ; Miss Agnes 
Irwin, Dean of Radcliffe College, Cambridge, Mass.; Mrs. John 
H. Westcott, Princeton, N. J. 

Director, Professor Anton Dohrn; Assistant Director, Pro- 
fessor Karl Schonlein. 



150 THE NETHERLANDS. 



THE NETHERLANDS. 

There are in the Netherlands, in addition to the municipal 
university of the city of Amsterdam, three state universities 
— Leyden, Utrecht and Groningen. The state universities 
are under the supervision of the Minister of the Interior of 
the Netherlands and the affairs of each are regulated by a 
Curatorium of five members ; the University of Amsterdam 
is under the authority of the Common Council {Gemecnte- 
raad) of the city of Amsterdam. There is also a small free 
university in Amsterdam with only six professors. The 
universities provide instruction in Arts, Science, Law, Med- 
icine and Theology, and give in each of these departments 
the degree of Doctor. 

No distinction is made between women and men, women 
being allowed to matriculate and to take degrees on exactly 
the same conditions as men. 

The academic year usually begins in the middle of Sep- 
tember and extends to the first week of July though the lec- 
tures close about the middle of June; 200 fl. ($80) a year 
is charged by the universities for instruction, and whoever 
pays this sum may matriculate as a regular student. Stu- 
dents who do not desire to attend more than two courses are 
exempt from the regular fee, but must pay 30 fl. ($12) a 
year for each course they attend. 

In order to be admitted to a university examination the 
candidate is required to produce a certificate stating that he 
has passed either the final examination of a gymnasium or an 
equivalent examination held every year by the state.* Any 



* In the case of foreigners certain examinations of other countries are considered by law equiva 
lent to these examinations and are accepted as a sufficient substitute by the universities, as. for in- 
stance, the final examination of a German gymnasium. 



THE NETHERLANDS. 151 

student who produces such a certificate has a right to take 
the university examinations whether he has attended the uni- 
versity or not. The fee to be paid upon taking any exami- 
nation, except the final one for the degree of doctor, which 
is free, is 50 fl. ($20). 

AMSTERDAM, The Netherlands. 
UNIVERSITEIT TE AMSTERDAM. 

This university, founded in 1632, is under the same regulations 

as the other universities of the Netherlands; see pp. 150, 151. 

Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Professor Hector 

Treub. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

4rts. Biology : Professors Bos, De Vries, 

Languages.— Semitic : Professor Mat- Weber ; Reader Sluiter. 

t h es Geography : Professor Kan. 

Classical: Professors Karsten, Uhlen- Pharmacy : Professor Stoeder. 

beck ; Docent Beck. LAW AND POLITICAL scince. 

Germanic : Professors Uhlenbeck, te n , ~ ,. -ir u i t~> 

w i i n j -c Professors Conrat, Van Hamel, De 

Winkel ; Docent r'rantzen. „ . •' „ • T -l± m wt tt t> i. 

Malayan : Docent Forker. ^artog, T Houwl ?f : J ltta ' **• W. F J Tr f h > 

Philosophy: Professors S V rmtt; Docent Docents Ll0m > Mlser °y> Cohen Stuart - 

Jelgersma. medicine. 

History : Professors Rogge, Valeton. Professors Bolk, Da Costa, Guye, J. A. 

Art and Archeology: Professors Van Korteweg, Kuhn, Pel, Place, Rotgans, 

den Es, Six. Ruge, Saltet, Stokvis, Straub, H. Treub, 

science Van Rees, Winkler ; Docetits Bruin, 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- Burger, De Leon, van Deventer Graan- 

jr ~r\ t -ir t \t t> i. boom, Grevers, van Doom, elgersma, 

fessors D. . Korteweg, Van rescn. A , .' ,-,.. , ', c , ' J & ' 

Physics : Professors Sissingh, van der Me ?J es ' Rl J nberk > Salomonson, Tilanus. 

Waals ; Reader Zeeman. theology. 

Chemistry : Profssors de Bruyn, Gun- Professors Brandt, de Bussy, Chante- 

ning, Roozeboom, van 't Hoff; Do- p i e de la Saussaye, Cramer, Volter ; 

cents Boldingh, Cohen, Reicher. Reader Westhoff. 
Mineralogy and Geology : Professor 
Molengraaff. 

GRONINGEV, Holland. 
RIJKS-UNIVERSITEIT TE GRONINGEN. 

This university, founded in 161 4, is under the same regulations 
as the other Dutch universities; see pp. 150, 151. 

Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Professor P. G. 
Wildeboer. 



152 



LE YDEN. 



Professors and Lecturers. 



Languages. — Semitic : Professors van 
den Ham, Wildeboer. 

CLASSICAL : Professors Polak, Speijer. 

English : Professor Btilbring 

Germanic : Professors Symons, van 
H el ten ; Docent Boer. 

Romance : Professor van Hamel. 
Comparative Philology : Professor 

Symons. 
Philosophy : Professor Heymans. 
History : Professors Boissevain, Busse- 

maker. 
Archaeology : Professors Boissevain, 

Polak. 

SCIENCE. 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
fessors de Boer, Kapteijn, Schoute. 



Physics : Professor Haga ; Reader Wind. 
Chemistry : Professors Eijkman, Holle- 

man. 
Mineralogy and Geology : Professor 

van Calker. 
Biology : Professors Moll, van Ankum. 

LA IV. 

Professors Krabbe, Land, Nieuwen- 
huis, Pet, Reiger ; Docent van der Tuuk. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors Fokker, Huizinga, Koch, 
Kooyker, Middendorp, Mulder, Nijhoff, 
Reddingius, van Wijhe ; Docents Ran- 
neft, Schutter, Wiersma ; Reader Kooij. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors van Dijk, Kruyf, Meyboom, 
Reitsma, van Rhijn, Valeton, Wildeboer, 



L.EYDEN, Holland. 
RIJKS-UNIVERSITEIT. 

This university, founded in 1575? is under the same regulations 
as the other Dutch universities; see pp. 150, 151. 

Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Professor P. J. 
Costjn. 

Professors and Lecturers. 



ARTS. 

Languages. — Semitic : Professors De 
Goeje, Oort, Tiele. 

Classical : Professors Bolland, Hart- 
man, van Leeuwen ; Docent Hesse- 
ling. 

Modern Greek : Docent Hesseling. 

Germanic : Professors ten Brink, 
Cosijn, Verdam. 

Romance : Docent de Grave. 

Japanese : Reader Serrurier. 

Malayan: Professor de Groot; Reader 
Klinkert. 

Javanese : Professor Vreede. 

Sudanese : Reader Grashuis. 

Turkish : Reader van Gelder. 

Chinese : Professor Schlegel. 
Comparative Philology : Professor 

Kern. 



Philosophy : Professor Bolland. 
History : Professors Blok, Muller. 
Archaeology : Professor Holwerda. 
Ethnography : Professor de Groot ; 

Reader Serrurier. 
History or Mohammedanism : Reader 

Van Gelder. 

SCIENCE. 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
fessors H. G. van de S. Bakhuyzen, 

Kluyver, Van Geer ; Docent E. F. 

van de S. Bakhuyzen. 
Physics : Professors Lorentz, Onnes ; 

Docents Molenbroek, Siertsema 
Chemistry : Professors Franchimont, 

Van Bemmelen, Wijsman ; Reader 

Schreinemakers; Docent Stortenbecker. 
Mineralogy and Geology : Professor 

Martin. 



THE NETHERLANDS. 



15: 



Biology : Professors Hoffmann, Surin- 

gar. 
Pharmacy : Professor Wijsman. 

LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. 

Professors Andreae, Asser, Drucker, 
Greven, Oppenheim, Tichelaar, Van der 
Hoeven, Van der Lith, Van der Vlugt. 



MEDICINE. 

Professors Einthoven, Koster, Mac- 
Gillavry, Nolen, Rosenstein, Treub, Van 
Heukelom, Van Iterson, Veit, Zaaijer ; 
Docents Dekhuyzen, Nijkamp. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors Eerdmans, Gooszen, Gun- 
ning, van Manen, Offerhaus, Pijper, Tiele. 



UTRECHT, Holland. 
RIJKS-UNIVERSITEIT. 

This university, founded in 1636, is under the same regulations 

as the other Dutch universities ; see pp. 150, 151. 

Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Professor H. W. 

Bettink. 

Professors and Lecturers. 



Languages. — Semitic: ProfessorHouts- 
ma. 
Classical : Professors Van der Vliet, 

Van Herwerden. 
Germanic : Professors Gallee, Kalff ; 
Docents Hettema, Wirth. 
Comparative Philology : Professor 

Gallfie. 
Philosophy : Professor Freiherr Van 

der Wyck. 
History : Professor Kramer ; Do cent 

Van Gelder. 
Art and Archaeology : ProfessorYan 

Herwerden ; Docent Morell. 
Ethnology : Docent Steinmetz. 



Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
fessors V. A. Julius, Kapteijn, Nyland, 
de Vries ; Docents Mounier, Snellen. 

Physics : Professor W. H. Julius. 



Chemistry : Professors Bettink, Dibbits, 

Mulder ; Docent Couvee. 
Mineralogy : Professor Wichmann. 
Geology : Docent Lorie. 
Biology : Professors Hubrecht, Went ; 

Reader Vosmaer. 

LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. 

Professors De Bourouill, De Louter, 
Hamaker, Molengraaff, Naber, Pols 
Simons ; Docents Kooiman, Rijke. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors Narath, Pekelharing, Rosen- 
berg, Snellen, Spronck, Talma, Zraarde- 
maker ; Readers Brondgeest, Dentz, Van 
der Meulen ; Docents Boekelman, Gutte- 
ling, Huysman, Weltering. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors Baljon, Cannegieter, Kleyn, 
Lamers, Valeton, Van Leeuwen, Van 
Veen. 



154 



NOR WA Y. 



NORWAY. 

CHRISTIANIA, Norway. 
KONGELIGE FREDERIKS UNIVERSITET. 

There is only one university in Norway, that of Christiania,. 
founded in 1811. Women have been admitted since 1884 to all 
the courses, degrees, and, where there is no special regulation to the 
contrary, to the scholarships and prizes- 
Instruction is given and degrees are conferred in Arts, Science, 
Law, Medicine and Theology. The highest degree conferred is 
that of Doctor. 

Students that have matriculated at a foreign university are ad- 
mitted on presenting a certificate of having passed an examination 
equal in difficulty to that required from candidates from a Norwe- 
gian gymnasium. 

Women are admitted to the libraries and laboratories on the same 
conditions as men. 

The first semester begins in the middle of January, the second 
in the beginning of September. 

All lectures are free. Foreigners pay a matriculation fee of 
20 kr. ($5.40) and there are laboratory fees of 12 to 32 kr. ($3.24 
to $8.64). 

Professors and Lecturers. 

arts. History of Literature : Docent Col- 

Languages. — Semitic : Professors Blix, ^ n - 

Seippel Philosophy : Professor Hourly V old. 

Indo-Iranian : Professors Bugge, History : Professors Daae, J. E. Sars, 

T orp Gustav Storm. 

Classical : Professors Schiott, Stener- Geography : Professor Nielsen. 

sen Art and Archaeology : Professors 

English : Professor Joh. Storm. Dietrichson, Lieblein, Rygh. 

Slavonic : Docent Broch. science 
Germanic : Professors Falk, Friis, 

Moe. Mathematics : Professors Bjerknes, 

Romance : Professor Joh. Storm ; Guldberg, Sylow ; Docent Hoist. 

Docent Loseth. Astronomy and Meteorology : Pro- 



NOR WA Y. 



155 



fessors Geelmuyden, Mohn. 
Physics : Professors Birkeland, Schiotz. 
Chemistry : Professors Hiortdahl, 

Waage. 
Mineralogy and Geology : Professors 

Brogger, Helland, Vogt. 
Biology : Professors Collett, Nansen, 

G. 0. Sars, Wille. 



Professors Aschehoug, Hagerup, Ing- 



stad, Morgenstierne, Platou, Stang, Tar- 
anger ; Docent Gjelsvik. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors Boeck, Guldberg, Hjort, 
Hoist, Johannessen, Laache, Leegaard, 
Nicolaysen, Poulsson, Schonberg, Strom, 
Torup, Uchermann ; Docent Hoist. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors Brandrud, Brun, Michelet, 
Odland, Petersen. 



156 RUSSIA. 



RUSSIA. 

No account is given here of the numerous Russian univer- 
sities. Full particulars of the courses and professors may be 
found in the Minerva Jahrbuch der Gelehrten Welt. 

All the universities in Russia are now closed to women ; a 
few grant diplomas to women in Dentistry and Pharmacy. 

In St. Petersburg there are classes in History, Languages, 
Philosophy, Mathematics and Physics for the higher educa- 
tion of women, distinct from the university, but under the 
supervision of the Ministry of Public Instruction. These are 
attended by large numbers of women. Foreign subjects who 
have attended certain courses at a gymnasium for women are 
admitted as special students with the permission of the Cu- 
rator. 

SCOTLAND. 

See pp. 118-126. 



SPAIN. 157 



SPAIN. 

The universities in Spain have since 1857 been under the 
control of the General Director of Public Education. 

The country is divided, for the purpose of university in- 
struction, into ten departments : Madrid, Barcelona, Granada, 
Oviedo, Salamanca, Santiago, Seville, Valencia, Valladolid 
and Saragossa. The universities consist as a rule of the five 
faculties of Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and Pharmacy. 
They have always been open to women on the same condi- 
tions as to men, but women have availed themselves in very 
few cases of the opportunity of studying at the universities. 

The courses of lectures were arranged in 1857 and have 
not since been changed. Students have no liberty of choice 
as to the lectures they attend. The degrees of Bachelor, Li- 
centiate and Doctor are conferred by each of the faculties. 

The academic year begins in October. There are no fees 
for lectures. The matriculation fee is 16 milreis ($17.20). 

On account of the small number of foreigners attending 
the Spanish universities, the lists of professors are not given 
here. They may be found in the Minerva Jahrbuch der 
Gelehrten Welt. 



158 SWEDEN. 



SWEDEN. 

There are in Sweden two State universities, the universi- 
ties of Lund and Upsala, each comprising faculties of Philos- 
ophy (Arts and Science), Law, Medicine and Theology ; the 
high schools of Gothenburg and Stockholm, the first of which 
devotes itself to Arts only and the second to Science, and the 
Medical and Surgical Institute of Stockholm, which is a state 
institution. 

In 1870 a royal decree was issued giving to women the 
right to become regular students and to take degrees in the 
medical faculties of the State universities on the same condi- 
tions as men, and in 1873 this right was extended to the 
faculties of Law and Philosophy. The high schools of 
Gothenburg and Stockholm were not founded until after 1870, 
and have from the first been open to women. 

The faculty of Theology is not yet open to women. 

In order to be admitted as a student to one of the univer- 
sities or high schools the candidate must have passed the 
final examination or mogenhets examen of 'an elementary 
school. Candidates who have not passed this examination 
may in some cases become " hearers " in the university 
courses by special permission of the faculty and the individ- 
ual professor, but are not permitted to take degrees. 

The academic year is divided into the autumn semester, be- 
ginning on September 1st and ending on December 15th; 
and the spring semester, beginning on January 15th and end- 
ing on June 15th. 

The matriculation or registration fee varies from 10 to 12 
crowns ($2.70 to $3.24) and a fee of 10 or 20 crowns ($2.70 
or $5.40) is paid each semester. All public courses are open 



SWEDEN. 159 

free of charge ; these are sometimes supplemented by private 
lectures costing from 20 to 40 crowns ($5.40 to $10.80) a 
semester. 

There are numerous scholarships and prizes, which, 
though no special statement is made to the effect, are not in 
general open to women. 

The Fredrika-Bremer-Forbundet at Stockholm is an asso- 
ciation whose object is to be a medium for collecting infor- 
mation of interest to educated women. The secretary, 54 
Drottninggattan, Stockholm, has kindly offered to answer 
questions in regard to Swedish universities that may be ad- 
dressed to her by readers of the Handbook. 

GOTHENBURG, Sweden. 
GOTEBORGS HOGSKOLA. 

This school, founded in 1887, consists as yet of the faculty of 
Arts only, but has power to confer degrees. 

The general regulations are the same as those of the Swedish 
universities; see pp. 158, 159. 

Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Herr Eric Bokman. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

arts. ROMANCE : Professor Vising ; Docent 

Languages.— Semitic : Professor Vati.- Mortensen; Reader Avenard. 

berg. Philosophy : Professor Norstrom ; Do- 

Classical : Professor Paulson; Docents cent Liljeqvist. 

Tanzon Wah'in. Political Science: Professor Stavenow; 

English': Reader Westall. Docent Kjellen. 

Germanic : Professors Cederschiold, History : Docent Stavenow. 

Hothausen; Docent Bkkth. Art : Professor Warburg. 

LUND, Sweden. 
KAROLINSKA UNIVERSITETET. 

This university, founded in 1666, comprises faculties of Arts 
Science, Law, Medicine and Theology, and is under the same gen- 
eral regulations as all Swedish universities; see pp. 158, 159. 

Enquiries may be addressed to the rector, Professor Quenner- 
stedt. 



i6o 



STOCKHOLM. 



Professors and Lecturers. 



Languages. — Classical : Professors Al- 
exanderson, Wide, Zander ; Docenis 
Linde, Lindskog. 
English : Docenis Kock, Rodhe ; 

Reader Harvey. 
Germanic : Professors Lidforss, So- 
derwall ; Docents Beckman, Hjelm- 
qvist,Kjederqvist, Soderberg; Reader 
Freund. 
Romance : Professor Wulff ; Reader 

Philipot. 
Oriental: Professors Flensburg, Teg- 
ner ; Docent Zettersteen. 
Philosophy : Professors Borelius, Le- 
ander ; Docents Bostrom, Herrlin, 
Larsson, Stromberg. 
Political Science: /V^/m^rFahlbeck ; 

Docent Andersson. 
History : Professors Fahlbeck, Freiherr 
v. Schwerin, Weibull ; Docents Stille, 
Wimarson. 
Art and Archaeology : Docent 

Soderberg. 
/Esthetics and History of Litera- 
ture : Docents Mortensen, Sylwan, 
Wrangel. 

SCIENCE. 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 



fessojs Bjorling, Charlier, Engstrom ;, 

Docents Broden, Delin, Moller, Psi- 

lander, Stromgren, Wiman. 
Physics : Professor Backlund ; Docents 

Granqvist, Rydberg. 
Chemistry : Professor Loven ; Docents 

Londahl, Wallin. 
Gkology : Professor Torell ; Docents 

Hennig, Moberg, Tornqvist. 
Biology : Professors Bergendal, Berg- 

gren, Quennerstedt, Thomson, Torell ; 

Docents Jonsson, Lidforss, Ljungstr5m, 

Murbeck, Ohlin, Wallengren. 



Professors J. A. Ask, Bjorling, Graf 
Hamilton, Kallenberg, Thyren, Winroth; 
Docents Antell, Broome, Hellner, Li- 
vijn. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors Bendz, Blix, Fiirst, Hilde- 
brand, Lang, Lindgren, Lowegren, Od- 
man, Ribbing ; Docents Forssman, Gade- 
lius, Hedin, Petren, Wadstein. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors Ahnfelt, Eklund, Holm- 
strom, Johansson, Rosenius ; Docents 
Hammar, Lundborg, Pfannenstill. 



STOCKHOLM, Sweden. 
STOCKHOLMS HOGSKOLA. 
This school, founded in 1878, consists as yet of a Mathematical 
and Scientific section only, but it is hoped that it will shortly be en- 
larged by the addition of a faculty of Law and Political Science. 

The general regulations are the same as those of the Swedish 
universities; see pp. 159, 159. 

The matriculation fee is 25 crowns ($6.75) and the fee for lec- 
tures (which is remitted in the semester in which the matriculation 
fee is paid) is the same. 

Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary. 
Professors and Lecturers. 



ARTS. 

Swedish : Professor Ljungstedt. 



History of Literature : Professor 

Levertin. 
Political Science : Professor Leffler. 



SWEDEN. 



161 



Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
fessors Bendixson, Bohlin, Gylden, 
Mittag-Leffler, Phragmen ; Docents 
Kobb, v. Koch. 

Physics : Professors Arrhenius, Bjerk- 
nes. 



Chemistry : Professor Pettersson. 

Mineralogy and Geology : P, ofessor 
De Geer ; Docents Backstrom, Ham- 
berg. 

Biology: Professors Lagerheim, Leche ; 
Docents Anderson, Carlgren, af 
Klercker, Klinckowstr5m. 



TJPSALiAV, Sweden. 
KONGL. UNIVERSITETET I UPSALA. 

This university, founded in 1477, comprises faculties of Arts, 
Science, Law, Medicine and Theology, and is under the same regu- 
lations as all the Swedish universities; see pp. 158, 159. 

Enquiries may be addressed to the secretary, Herr J. von Bahr. 

Professors and Lecturers. 



ARTS. 

Languages. — Semitic : Professor Alm- 
kvist. 
Slavonic : Professor Lundell. 
Classical : Professors Danielsson, 
Persson ; Docents Knos, Lagercrantz, 
Lundstrom, Odelberg. 
English : Reader Harlock. 
Germanic : Professors Erdmann, Laf- 
fler, Noreen ; Docents v. Friesen, 
Lange, Tamm, Wadstein, Wiklund ; 
Reader Meyer. 
Romance: Professor P. A. Geijer ; 
Docents Linder, Rydberg, Staaft", 
Wahlund ; Reader Levy-Ullmann. 
Sanskrit and Comparative Phil- 
ology: Professor Johansson ; Docent 
Liden. 
Philosophy: Professor K. R. Geijer; 
Docents Bager-Sjogren, Burman, Ed- 
feldt, Hagerstrom, von Scheele. 
Political Science : Professor Alin ; 

Docents Nystrom, Varenius. 
History : Professor Boethius, Hjarne ; 
Docents Ahlenius, Clason, Hallendorff, 
Hildebrand. 
Art : Professor Schiick ; Docents Kjell- 

berg, Petrini. 
Egyptology: Professor Piehl. 
History of Literature : Docents 
Levertin, Meyer, Staffen. 

SCIENCE. 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
fessors Duner, Falk, Hildebrandsson ; 



Docents Berger, Ericsson, Holmgren 
Malmborg, Soderberg, Westman. 

Physics : Professors Angstrom, Lund- 
quist ; Demonstrator Granqvist ; Do- 
cents Josephson, Petrini. 

Chemistry : Professors Cleve, Widman ; 
Docents Bladin, Langlet, Palmaer. 

Mineralogy and Geology : Professor 
Hogbom; Docents Holmquist, Munthe, 
Nordenskjold, Wiman. 

Biology : Professors Fries, Kjellman, 
Lundstrom, Tullberg, When ; Docents 
Aurivillius, Hedlund, Jagerskiold, 
Johansson, Juel, Lonnberg, Sernander. 

Geography : Docent Lonborg. 

LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. 

Professors Blomberg, Dahlberg, David- 
son, Hagstromer, Sjogren, Trygger ; 
Docents Almen, Eschelsson, Reuter- 
skiold. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors Clason, Elfstrand, Gull- 
strand, Hammar, Hammarsten, Hen- 
schen, Lennander, Lindfors, Morner, 
Nerander, Nordlund,__Petersson, Sund- 
berg ; Demonstrators Ohrwall, Vestberg ; 
Docents Bolin, Dahlgren, Floderus, 
Schuldheis. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors Berggren, Danell, Ekman, 
Lundstrom, Martin, Quensel, Rudin, 
Tottie ; Docents Eklund, Kolmodni, 
Stave. 



162 BASLE. 



SWITZERLAND. 

There are in Switzerland seven universities — Basle, Berne, 
Fribourg, Geneva, Lausanne, Neuchatel and Zurich. These 
are all open to women. At Basle, Berne and Zurich the lan- 
guage used is German, and the only degree given is that of 
Doctor, as in German universities. In Geneva, Lausanne and 
Neuchatel, on the other hand, the language used is French 
and the degrees are similar to those of French universities, 
the baccalaureate licence and doctorat. In Fribourg both 
languages are used, but the university organisation is 
German. 

BASLE, Switzerland. 
UNIVERSITAT BASEL. 

The university of Basle, consisting of the four faculties of Phil- 
osophy (Arts and Science), Law, Medicine and Theology, was 
founded in 1460. 

Every one wishing to become a regular student must present a 
certificate of good character and satisfactory testimonials in regard 
to his previous education and must register (matriculate) both with 
the rector of the university and with the dean of the faculty in which 
he is to study. This must be done before the end of the first fort- 
night of the semester. The fees for matriculation amount to 14 
francs ($2. So) and are paid to the pedell. 

Before the end of the first three weeks of the semester the student 
must present himself to the quaestor and pay the fees for lectures, 
and finally must obtain the signatures of the different lecturers in his 
course book. When leaving the university the student must again 
present himself to the rector and obtain the Abga?igszeug7iiss. 

Hearers must be over seventeen years of age and are permitted to 
attend lectures on paying the fees. 

The degree of Doctor is conferred in all the faculties except that 
of Theology, which grants the degree of Licentiate only. 



SWITZERLAND. 163 

Women have been allowed to study in the university since 1890, 
under certain conditions. In order to be admitted as a regular stu- 
dent a woman must be of Swiss nationality, or, if a foreigner, must 
have received her education in the canton of Basle. To be ad- 
mitted as a hearer to the lectures of the Philosophical faculty she 
must hold a certificate entitling her to teach in the primary or 
secondary schools of the canton. Women who satisfy the above 
requirements have all the privileges of men students as regards 
the holding of scholarships and the use of libraries, laboratories, 
museums, etc. 

The winter semester extends from October 15th to the end of 
March; the summer semester from April 15th to the end of July. 

The lecture fees for all lectures which are not free are, in the 
Theological Faculty, 3 francs ($0.60) a semester for each hour 
weekly, and in the other faculties 5 francs ($1.00). Laboratory 
fees are in general 5 francs ($1.00) per hour weekly for the 
semester. 

Further information and the VerzeicJiniss der Vorlesungen can 
be obtained from the pedell, Herr Viktor Hofer. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

arts. Art and Archeology : Professors J. 

Languages.— Semitic : Professor Mez. J- Bernoulli, D. Burckhardt, Dragen- 

Indo-Iranian : Professor Misteli. £ orff ' Meyer, Wolfflm ; Docent Daniel 

Classical: Professors Bethe, Groos, Burckhardt. 

Hagenbach, Misteli, Wackernagel ; science. 

Docent MUnzer. Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 

English : Professor Soldan ; Docent fessors Kinkelin, Riggenbach, Von der 

Binz - Miihll ; Docents Flatt, Hurwitz. 

Germanic : Professors Koegel, Meyer; Physics . Professors Hagenbach-Bischoff, 

Docent Trog. Kahlbaum ; Docent Veillon. 

Romance : Professor Soldan. Chemistry : Professors Kahlbaum, 

Comparative Philology: Professor Niezki) Piccard . y Docents Fichter) 

Socin. Kreis, Nienhaus, Osann. 

Philosophy : Professors Heman, Heuss- MlNERALOGY . Professor Car l Schmidt ; 

ler, Joel. Docent Kraatz 

Political Science : Professor Kozak ; Geology . Pr J essor Car i Schmidt ; Do- 

Docent Geermg. «»* Tobler. 

History: ^/m^Baumgartner Boos, Bl0L0GY . Frofessors R udo lph Burck- 

Albert Burckhardt Thommen; Docents hardt Zschokke Docmt Gr i e sbach. 

Haller, Lugmbuhl, Mez, Schneider. Hygiene : Professors Albrecht Eduard 

Pedagogy : Professor Heman ; Docent Burckhardt 
Largiader. 



1 64 BERNE. 

law. Massini, Mellinger, Metzner, Schiess, 

Professors Karl Chr. Burckhardt, Siebenmanr. >, August Socin, Wille ; Do- 

Fleiner, Heusler, Speiser, Teichmann, «?* Bun > ^gger, Feer Hosch, Leopold 

Wieland ; Docents Peter, Stehlin. Rutimeyer, Schwendt, Streckeisen, Wolff. 

MEDICINE. THEOLOGY. 

Professors Bumm, Bunge, A. Burck- Professors Bohringer, Bolliger, Borne- 

hardt, E. Burckhardt, Corning, Cour- mann, Duhm, von Orelli, Overbeck, W. 

voisier, Dubler, Gonner, Hagenbach- Schmidt, Stahelin ; Docents Bertholet, 

Burckhardt, Hagler, Hosch, Immer- Bruckner, Goetz, Handmann, Megger, 

mann, Jaquet, Kauffman, Kollmann, Riggenbach, Vischer, Wernle. 



BERNE, Switzerland. 
UNIVERSITAT BERN. 

The University {Hochschule) of Berne, consisting of the facul- 
ties of Philosophy (Arts and Science), Law, Medicine and The- 
ology (Catholic and Protestant), was founded in 1834 anc ^ opened 
to women in 1874. In 1898-99 the number of women matricu- 
lated students was 117 and the number of hearers 55. A women 
docent lectures on Drama in the 19th Century. 

Every one wishing to enter as a student must be over eighteen 
years of age, must present a certificate of good character to the 
rector, and must pay the matriculation fee of 15 francs ($3.00). 
A woman, in addition, is required to prove that she is independent, 
or to present a certificate signed by her guardian giving her per- 
mission to attend the university. A fee of 5 francs ($1.00) paid 
to the rector at the time of matriculation gives the student permis- 
sion to use the library. 

Any one is permitted to attend the lectures as a hearer on buying 
from the pedell an Auskultanten Karte, costing 20 cents. 

Regular students and hearers must register with the professors 
and lecturers whose course they wish to attend, and show their 
matriculation or auskultanten cards. 

They are also obliged, under penalty of a fine, to register their 
addresses with the pedell within the first fortnight of the semester, 
and to inform him of any subsequent change of address. 

The degree of Doctor is conferred in all the faculties under 
slightly varying conditions. The candidate for the degree of Doctor 



SWITZERLAND. 



165 



of Philosophy must, as in the German universities, present a satis- 
factory dissertation and pass an oral examination in three subjects. 

The winter semester begins on October 15th and the summer 
semester on April 15th, lasting till August 15th. 

Lists of lecturers and other official pamphlets may be procured 
at any bookshop and enquiries may be addressed to the pedell. 



Professors and Lecturers. 



Languages. — Semitic : Professor Kurz. 
Indo-Iranian : Professor Miiller- 

Hess. 
Classical : Professors Haag, Praech- 

ter ; Docent Jahn. 
English : Professor Miiller-Hess ; 

Docent Kiinzler. ■ 
Germanic: Professors Hirzel, Singer, 

Sutermeister, Vetter, Walzel. 
Romance : Professors Freymond, 
Michaud ; Docents Bessire, Gau- 
chat, Niggli, Thormann. 
Philosophy : Professor Stein ; Docent 

Tumarkin. 
Political Economy : Professor Oncken. 
History : Professors von Miilinen, Tob- 

ler, Woker ; Docent Geiser. 
Art : Professors Auer, Volmar. 
Architecture : Professor Auer. 
Pedagogy : Professor Haag. 

SCIENCE. 

Mathematics and Astronomy: Pro- 
fessors Graf, Huber, Ott ; Docents 
Benteli, Moser. 

Physics : Professor Forster ; Docents 
Gruner, Moser. 

Chemistry : Professors Friedheim, Kos- 
tanecki, Rossel; Docents Mai, Schaffer, 
Schmidt, Tambor. 



Mineralogy : Professor Balzer ; Docent 

Kissling. 
Geology and Geography : Professors 

Baltzer, Bruckner ; Docent Kissling. 
Biology : Professors Eduard Fischer, 

Ludwig Fischer, Studer. 
Hygiene : Professor Girard. 

LAW 

Professors Gretener, Hilty, Huber, 
Lauterburg, Lotmar, Marcusen, Oncken, 
Reichel, Reichesberg, Rossel, v. Salis, 
Stooss, Zeerleder ; Docents Kebedgy, 
Opet, Schmidt, Sieber. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors C. Emmert, Girard, Heffter, 
Jadassohn, Kocher, Kronecker, Lang- 
hans, Miiller, Pfliiger, Sahli, Stooss, 
Strasser, Tavel, Tschirch, Valentin, Zim- 
mermann; Docents Asher, Bueler, Collon, 
Conrad, Deucher, Dubois, Dumont, Du- 
toit, Emmert, Howald, Lindt, Liischer, 
Niehans, Walthard. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors Barth, Blosch, Herzog, 
Lauterburg, Liidemann, Marti, Michaud, 
Miiller, Steck, Thurlings, Woker. 

MUSIC. 

Docent Hess-Ruetschi. 



FRIBOURG, Switzerland. 

UNIVERSITE DE FRIBOURG. 

The University of Fribourg, founded in 1889, consists of the 
three faculties of Philosophy (Arts and Science) , Law and Theol- 
ogy. Women are not admitted as regular students, but they are 



1 66 FRIBOURG. 

allowed to attend the courses as hearers, and in the faculty of Phil- 
osophy they may take the same examinations and obtain the same 
diplomas as men students on the same conditions. 

The French and German languages are both used, but the uni- 
versity organisation resembles that of German universities in all 
essential points. Foreigners are as a general rule admitted, pro- 
vided they possess the qualifications which would admit them to 
universities in their own countries. The rector decides all doubtful 
and exceptional cases. 

The degree of Doctor is conferred by the Philosophical faculty 
on candidates who, having studied for three years at a university 
and having satisfactory testimonials as to character and education, 
present a dissertation that is approved by the faculty and pass an 
oral examination in three subjects. 

The winter semester begins in the middle of October and the 
summer semester in the middle of April. 

The fee for the first matriculation is 30 francs ($6.00) and for 
the second 20 francs ($4.00). 

Professors and Lecturers. 



ARTS. 



Physics : Professor von Kowalski. 



t . .„., . ,-,„,. c^.,^^ r> . n f„..„,. r^\™ Chemistry: Professors Baumhauer, 

Languages. — Semitic: Professor unm- . -/ 

J Bistrzycki, Ihomas-Mamert. 

Classical: Professors Jiithner, Mi- GEOLOGY: Professor de Girard. 

, J J Geography : Professor Brunhes. 

Ge'rmanic : Professor Detter. Bi °^y : Professors Arthus, Kathariner, 

Slavonic : Professor Kallenbach. Westermaier. 

Romance : Professors Giraud, Mar- law. 

chot. Professors Bise, Biichel, Clerc, Favre, 

Philosophy: Professors Baxtijn, Michel. Fietta, Gottofrey, Hauptmann, Jaccoud, 

Political Science : Professors Biichel, Koschembahr-Lyskowski,Lampert,Lenz, 

Jaccoud, Ruhland. Oser, Pedrazzini, Perrier, Zycha. 
History : Professors Biichi, Schniirer, 

Reinhardt, Steffens ; Docent Holder. theology. 

Art and Archeology : Professors p ro f essors Beck, Berthier, Coconnier, 

Hess, Steffens, Zemp. F • Frankenstein, Kirsch, Mandonnet, 

Pedagogy : Professor Horner. dd Prado Rose> Speiser.Weiss, ZapletaL 

SCIENCE. 

Mathematics : Professors Daniels, 

Lerch. Professor Wagner. 



SWITZERLAND. 167 

GENEVA, Switzerland. 
UNIVERSITE DE GENEVE. 

The University of Geneva, founded in 1559, consists of the five 
faculties of Arts (Lettres), Science, Law, Medicine and Theology. 
Women are admitted on the same conditions as men. There are 
now about 170 women students, the majority attending courses in 
sociology, medicine and natural science. The French language is 
used and the organisation of the university is similar to that of 
French universities. 

Any person over eighteen years of age is admitted as a hearer to 
all lectures, but not to the hospitals or the practical courses of the 
Medical faculty. 

Persons who have obtained the certificat de maturite in one of 
the sections of the gymnasium of Geneva or who can pi'ove by 
certificates or diplomas that they have received an education equal 
in standard to that implied by the certificat de maturite are al- 
lowed to matriculate as regular students. The faculty in which the 
student desires to study decides upon the equivalence of the certifi- 
cates, and the entrance requirements vary considerably in the differ- 
ent faculties. In some (the department of Social Science, for 
instance), a knowledge of Greek and Latin is not considered neces- 
sary ; in others it is essential. 

The university confers the following degrees : Bachelier es let- 
tres, es sciences, es sciences medicates, en theologie ; Licencie es 
lettres, es sciences sociales, en droit, en theologie, Docteur es let- 
tres, en sociologie, en fihilosofihie, es sciences, en droit, en mede- 
cine, en theologie ; Diplome de chimiste, Diplome de pharmacien. 

For the degrees of Bachelier and Licencie the candidate must 
pass an oral and a written examination, for the degree of Docteur, 
he must in general pass an oral examination and sustain a thesis. 
The requirements as to time, etc., vary in the different faculties. 
In Arts the candidate can enter for the degree of Bachelier on be- 
ginning his work in the university. To enter for the degree of 
Licencie he must already hold the baccalaureat and have studied 
in a university for four semesters after obtaining it. Equivalent 



1 68 GENEVA. 

degrees are in general accepted in place of the baccalanreat or 
Licence of Geneva. 

Persons desiring to matriculate as students should apply to M. le 
secretaire-caissier de V Uttiversite and present their certificates and 
testimonials to him for the consideration of the faculty. Students 
and hearers must register during the first fortnight of the semester 
for each course they desire to attend, and must procure a course 
book and present it for signature each semester to the rector, the 
dean of the faculty and the professors whose courses they attend. 

Women are admitted to all the libraries, reading-rooms and lab- 
oratories. The laboratories are of two kinds, those in which the 
students work every day more # or less independently, and those 
known as rcpetitoires, in which the work is merely complementary 
to the courses, and which are attended only once weekly for about 
three hours. 

The first semester begins on October 15th. The lectures begin 
on October 22nd and end on March 22nd ; the second semester begins 
on April 8th and ends on July 15th. A summer course in French 
language and literature, consisting of about eleven lectures a week, 
is given from the middle of July to the end of August and a shorter 
course is given in the first three weeks of October. 

The fees are : for matriculation, 20 francs ($4.00) ; for course 
book, 1 franc ($0.20) ; for each hour per week of lecture for the 
semester, 5 francs ($1.00) ; for exmatriculation, 10 francs ($2.00). 
There are fees of from 50 francs to 200 francs ($10 to $40) for the 
different diplomas. 

Further information may be found in the Reglement de l'Uni- 
versite de Geneve, and in the Programme des Cours de l'Universite 
de Geneve, which may be obtained from the secretaire-caissier . 

Enquiries may be addressed to J\l. le Secretaire-caissier del' Uni- 
versite. 

There is an association of women students — the Societe Inter- 
nationale des Etudiantes de V (Jniversite de Geneve. 



SWITZERLAND. 



169 



Professors and Lecturers. 



Languages. — Semitic : Professor Mon- 
tet. 
Indo-Iranian: Professor de Saussure. 
Classical : Professors Paul Oltra- 
mare, Nicole, de Saussure ; Docents 
Courvoisier, Vulliety. 
English : Docent Roget. 
Germanic : Professor Emile Redard ; 

Docent Vogel. 
Romance : Professors Bouvier, Du- 
proix, Muret, Ritter ; Docents Bally, 
Mercier, Paris, Schneegans, Thudi- 
chum, Vulliety, Zbinden. 
Comparative Philology : Professors 

Muret, Wertheimer. 
Philosophy : Professors Flournoy, 
Gourd, Adrien Naville ; Docent Bri- 
quet. 
Political Science : Professors Favon, 
Pantaleoni, Wuarin ; Docents de Gi- 
rard, Wiede,Winiarski. 
History : Professors Borgeaud, Fazy, 

Edouard Naville ; Docent Dunant. 
Pedagogy : Professor Duproix. 
Art and Archeology : Professors de 
Crue, Montet, Nicole ; Docent Vul- 
liety. 

SCIENCE. 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
fessors Caillier, Galopin, R. Gautier, 
G. Oltramare ; Docents Fehr, Lyon. 

Physics : Professors Rilliet, Soret ; Do- 
cent Dutoit. 



Chemistry : Professors Graebe, Guye, 

Monnier, Pictet ; Docents Bonna, Cre- 

pieux, Kehrmann, Lauch, Riist, Ull- 

mann, Welt. 
Mineralogy : Professor Duparc. 
Geology and Geography : Professors 

Duparc, Sarasin ; Docent Ritter. 
Biology : Professors Bedot, Chodat, 

Laskowski, Monnier, Thuiy, Yung ; 

Docents Briquet, Fuhrmann, Hoch- 

reutiner, Rodrigue. 
Hygiene : Professor Vincent. 

LAW. 

Professors Bridel, Brocher, Alfred Gau- 
tier, Gentet, Gosse, Martin, Moriaud, 
Rehfous, Roguin ; Docents Combothecra, 
Dunant, Odier, Sacopoulo. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors Brun, Chodat, d'Espine, 
Eternod, Haltenhoff, Julliard, Martin, 
Mayor, H. Oltramare, Prevost, Auguste 
Reverdin, J. Reverdin, Revilliod, Vau- 
cher, Vincent, Zahn ; Docents Audeoud, 
Betrix, Beuttner, Bourcart, Braun, Bus- 
carlet, Cordes, Christiani, Dupraz, Froe- 
lich, Keser, Kummer, Ladame, Ed. 
Martin, Megevand, Patru, Ruel, Seig- 
neux, Thomas, Wyss. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors Balavoine, Chantre, Doret, 
Frommel, Martin, Montet, Nicole. 

MUSIC. 

Docent Roehrich. 



LAUSANNE, Switzerland. 



UNIVERSITE DE LAUSANNE. 

In 1890 the Academy of Lausanne, founded in 1537, was formed 
into a university. 

Women are admitted to this university on exactly the same con- 
ditions as men. All students who have been matriculated students 
of any other university and have not been expelled from it are 
eligible for admission. 

The degrees given in the different faculties are the licence and 
doctorat and only matriculated students may obtain degrees. In 



170 



LA USANNE. 



the engineering school the dipldme d'ingenieur is given. The time 
required to obtain the licence is, in general, four years in theology, 
three in law and two in science or arts. 

The student is free to arrange his courses as he chooses and is not 
obliged to complete his work in a specified time. 

Three kinds of lectures are given : — the cours publics which are 
free of charge ; the cours universitaires for which the fee is five 
francs ($1.00) a semester for each hour weekly; and the cours 
particuliers which are specially arranged for. 

There is a special fee for laboratory courses. 

The matriculation fee is 20 francs ($4.00). 

The winter semester lasts from October 15th to March 25th, the 
summer semester from April 8th to July 25th. 

Holiday courses in French and German language and literature 
are held from July 17th to August 26th. 

Further information may be obtained from the secretary, M. J.. 

BONZEN. 

Professors and Lecturers. 



ARTS. 

Language s — Oriental : Professors 

Goergens, Spiro. 

Classical : Professors Baudat, Besan- 

con, Vallette ; Docents Chatelanat, 

Delhurbe. 

English : Professor Maurer ; Reader 

Neilson. 
Germanic : Professor Maurer ; Do- 
cents Stilgebauer, Taverney. 
Romance : Professors Bonnard, Muret, 
Renard ; Readers Andr6, Parander. 
Philosophy : Professor Millioud. 
History : Professors Maillefer, Renard, 

Rossier. 
Art and Archaeology : Docentde Mo- 

lin. 
Pedagogy : Professor Guex. 
Hygiene : Professor Galli-Valerio. 

SCIENCE. 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
fessors Amstein, Charles Dufour, Joly. 

Physics : Professors Dapples, Henri Du- 
four, Mayor, Palaz ; Docents Aniann, 
Gross. 

Chemistry : Professors Brelaz, Brunner, 
Chuard; Docents Dutoit, Kunz-Krause, 



Pelet, Seiler. 

Geology and Mineralogy : Professors 
Golliez, Lugeon, Renevier. 

Biology : Professors Blanc, Jean Du- 
four, Wilczek; Docents Bieler, Jaccard. 

Engineering : Professors Chenaud, 
Gaudard, Grenier, Mayor, Melley. 

Agriculture : Professor Chuard ; Do- 
cent Martinet. 

LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. 

Professors Burckhardt, Ennan, Favey, 
de Felice, Brocher de la Flechere, Gre- 
nier, Larguier, Pareto, Roguin, Spiro ; 
Docents Herzen, Jaquemot, Soldan. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors Bourget, Bugnion, de Ceren- 
ville, Combe, Demieville, Dind, Dufour, 
Herzen, Larguier, Lovventhal, Mahaim, 
Nicolas, Rabow, Rapin, Roux, Secretan, 
Stilling, Valerio ; Docents Berdez, Du- 
four, Eperon, de la Harpe, Muret, Perret, 
Rossier, Verrey, Vulliet. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors Chapuis, Combe, Dandiran, 
Emery, Fornerod, Paschoud, Vuilleu- 
mier ; Doccnt Rapin. 



SWITZERLAND. 171 

NEUCHATEL, Switzerland. 
ACADEMIE DE NEUCHATEL. 

This university, founded in 1866, consists of the four faculties 
of Arts, Science, Law and Theology. Women are admitted as 
students and hearers on the same conditions as men, and at present 
about twenty are attending the university courses. The constitu- 
tion of the university is similar to that of the University of Geneva, 
and all the details given above (pp. 167, 168) apply, with a few ex- 
ceptions, to Neuchatel. 

Students and hearers must be over eighteen years of age. Hearers 
are not allowed to attend more than ten hours of lectures weekly, 
and they are not granted any certificate. Entrance examinations 
are held by all the faculties, but any student holding a certificate 
equivalent to the certificate of a Swiss or German gymnasium is 
admitted as a regular student without examination. 

The first semester begins on October 14th and ends in the middle 
of March. The second semester begins on April 4th and ends in 
the middle of July. Students must register on the first day of the 
semester. 

From July 10th to September 2nd a holiday course in modern 
French is. held for foreigners. 

The fees are: for matriculation, 10 francs ($2.00); for each 
hour per week of lectures for the winter semester 2.50 francs 
($0.50), and for the summer semester 2 francs ($0.40) ; (hearers 
pay double this sum) ; for the different laboratories, 5 francs to 30 
francs ($1.00 to $6.00) for the semester. 

Prizes of 100 francs ($20) are open for competition to registered 
students. 

Further information may be found in the Programme des Cours 
which can be obtained from the Recteur de V Academie de Neu- 
chatel. 

Professors and Lecturers. 

ARTS. 

Languages. — Classical : Professors Germanic : Professor Domeier. 

Dessoulavy, Le Coultre. Romance : Professors Amici, Dessou- 

ENGLISH : Professor Nippel ; M. l av y» Le Coultre, Piaget, Warnery ; 

Swallow. MM. Dubied, Piaget, Ragonod. 



172 ZURICH. 

Comparative Philology : Professor Mineralogy : Professor de Tribolet. 

Perrochet. Geology and Geography: Professor 

Philosophy : Professor Murisier. Du Pasquier, Knapp, Schardt. 

Political Science : Professor Junod. Biology : Professors Beraneck, Chate- 

HlSTORY: Professor de Chambrier ; MM. lain, Tripet. 

Diacon, Farny. Hygiene : Professor Chatelain. 

Art and Archaeology : Professor 

Wavre ; M. Dessoulavy. _ , _,, ,. * . . x 

Professors Beguehn, Courvoisier, Jean- 

science. henry, Meckenstock, Mentha. 
Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
fessors Arndt, Hirsch, Isely, Weber. theology. 
Physics : Professor Weber. Professors DuBois, Dumont, Ladame, 

Chemistry : Professor Billeter ; MM. Morel, Perrochet, Quartier-la-Tente. 
Berthoud, Rivier. 

ZURICH, Switzerland. 
UNIVERSITAT. 

The University (Hochschule) of Zurich, founded in 1832, was 
formally opened to women in 1872 on precisely the same conditions 
as to men, and women are even permitted to hold professorial 
chairs. In 189S-99 there were 169 women students, 126 of whom 
were studying medicine. The university consists of the four facul- 
ties of Philosophy (Arts and Science), Law and Political Science, 
Medicine and Theology ; the language used is German and the gen- 
eral organisation is similar to that of a German university. 

Inhabitants of Zurich desiring to enter the university must hold 
the Maturitatszeugniss of a school in the canton ; foreigners must 
hold certificates equivalent to this, or pass an entrance examination, 
and must prove that they possess an adequate knowledge of the 
German language. Students must register in the week before the 
beginning of the semester, and no student is admitted under eighteen 
years of age. These regulations apply to hearers as well as to regu- 
lar students. 

The degree of Doctor is conferred by each of the faculties under 
slightly different conditions ; in general the candidate must pass an 
oral examination and present a satisfactory thesis. 

There are six libraries open to regular students ; hearers are 
allowed to use these libraries when introduced by a professor. 

The semesters begin in the middle of October and the middle of 
April, and end in March and August respectively. 



SWITZERLAND. 



173 



The fees are: for matriculation 12 francs ($2.40), with other 
fees amounting to 7 francs ($1.40) ; for lectures, 5 francs ($1.00) 
a semester for each hour weekly; for the Doctor's degree, 310 to 
420 francs ($62 to $84). 

For further information see the Verzeichniss der Vorlesungen 
and the different Promotions- Ordnungen. Enquiries maybe ad- 
dressed to the pedell of the university, Herr Ruegger. 



Professors and Lecturers. 



ARTS. 

Languages. — Classical : Professors 
Bliimner, Hitzig, Kasgi ; Docents 
Bloch, Schulthess. 
Indo-Iranian : Professor Ryssel. 
English : Professor Vetter ; Docent 

Schirmer. 
Germanic : Professors Bachmann, 
Frey, Stiefel ; Docents Betz, Hoff- 
mann. 
Romance : Professors Morf, Ulrich ; 
Docents Gauchat, Morel. 
Sanscrit and Comparative Philol- 
ogy : Professor Ksegi. 
Philosophy : Professors Kym, Meu- 
mann ; Docents Eleutheropulos, Krey- 
enbiihl, Willy. 
History : Professors Dandliker, v. Kno- 
nau, Oechsli, Schweizer ; Docents 
Caro, Hane, Heierli. 
Art and Archeology : Professors 
Bliimner, Rahn ; Docents Bloch, 
Brun, Stiickelberg. 
Pedagogy : Professor Hunziker. 

SCIENCE. 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
fessors Burkhardt, Meyer, Wolfer ; 
Docents Gubler, Kraft, Weiler. 

Physics : Professor Kleiner ; Docent 
von Wyss. 

Chemistry : Professor Abeljanz, Wer- 



ner ; Docents Bischler, Feist, Schall. 
Geology and Mineralogy : Professors 

Mayer-Eymar, Grubenmann, Heim. 
Geography : Pi ofessors Stoll ; Docent 

Friih. 
Biology: Professors Dodel, Lang, 

Schinz ; Docents Hescheler, Heuscher, 

Kiindig, Martin, Overton, Standfuss. 

LAW AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. 

Professors Cohn, Herkner, Hitzig, F. 
Meili, Schneider, Schollenberger, Treich- 
ler, Vogt, Ziircher ; Docents Goldstein, 
Wachter. 

MEDICINE. 

Professors Billeter, Bleuler, Eich- 
horst, Felix, v. Frey, Gairie, Goll, 
Haab, Huguenin, Kronlein, von Mon- 
akow, Miiller, Ribbert, Ruge, Wyder, 
Oskar Wyss, Hans von Wyss ; Docents 
Bernheim, Gustav Brunner, Biihler, 
Cloetta, Fick, Hitzig, Hober, Huber, 
Kaufmann, Kreis, Liining, Hans Meyer, 
Rohrer, Schlatter, Schulthess, Seitz, Sil- 
berschmidt, Suchannek. 

THEOLOGY. 

Professors Christ, Egli, Furrer, Kessel- 
ring, Ryssel, Schmiedel, von Schulthess- 
Rechberg ; Docents Kappeler, E. Meili, 
Riiegg. 



EIDGENOSSISCHE POLYTECHNISCHE SCHULE. 

This school, founded in 1855, though under different adminis- 
tration from the Hochschtrte, has its classes in the same building, 
and students of one school are at liberty to attend the lectures of 



174 



ZURICH. 



the other. The polytechnic school gives instruction in technical 
work and the applied sciences, engineering, pharmacy, etc. 

The requirements for entrance, fees, etc., are similar to those of 
the Hochschule, and women are admitted on the same conditions 
as men. Application for admission to the courses should be sent 
in about three weeks before the beginning of the semester. Candi- 
dates for admission either as regular students or hearers must satisfy 
the authorities that they have had the necessary preparation, or 
must pass a preliminary examination in the subjects they desire 
to study. 

Enquiries should be addressed to the Direktion des Eidgenos- 
sischen Polytechnikums in Zurich and should be written in German, 
French or Italian. 

There is an association of women students, the Studentinne?i 
Verein. 



Professors and Lecturers. 



ARTS. 

Languages. — English : Professor Vet- 
ter. 
Germanic : Professors Baumgartner, 

Stiefel ; Docent Saitschick. 
Romance : Professors Pizzo, Seippel. 

Philosophy : Professor Stadler. 

Political Science : Professors Charton, 
Platter, Roelli ; Docent 

History : Professors Guilland, Oechsli, 
Stern. 

History of War and Tactics : Pro- 
fessors Affolter, Becker, Rothpletz, 
Schweizer ; Docent E. Fiedler. 

Art : Professors Bluntschli, Graf, Rahn. 

Literature : Docent Saitschik. 

Pedagogy : Professors Stadler, Zurcki ; 
Docent Hunziker. 

SCIENCE. 

Mathematics and Astronomy : Pro- 
fessors Decher, W. Fiedler, Franel, 
Geiser, Hirsch, Hurwitz, Lacombe, 
Minkowski, Rudio, Wolfer ; Docents 
Beyel, E. Fiedler, J. Keller, Kraft, 
Rebstein, Weilenmann, Weiler. 

Physics : Professors Pernet, H. F. 
Weber ; Docents Guye, Kawalki, 



Kopp, v. Wyss. 

Chemistry: Professors Bamberger, Bar- 
bieri, Gnehm, Hartwich, Lorenz, 
Lunge, Schulze, Treadwell ; Docents 
Bosshard, Constam, Feist, Grete, 
Winterstein. 

Mineralogy : Professor Grubenmann. 

Geology : Professor Heim. 

Biology : Professors C. Keller, Lang, 
Rotb ; Docents Heuscher , Martin, Stand- 
fuss. 

Botany : Professors Cramer, Schroter. 

Geography : Professor Guilland ; Do- 
cent Friih. 

Hygiene : Professor Roth. 

Engineering and Architecture : Pro- 
fessors Becker, Decher, Escher, Flieg- 
ner, Gerlich, Herzog, Lasius, L5hle, 
E. Meyer, Prasil, Recordon, Ritter, 
Stodola, Tetmajer, Tobler, A Weber, 
Wyssling, K. Zschokke, Zwicky ; Do- 
cents Denzler, Gentilli, Kraft, Messer- 
schnitt, Nachtweh. 

Agriculture : Professors Bourgeois, 
Biihler, Engler, Felber, Kramer, 
Nowacki ; Docents Baechler, Bosshard, 
Burri, Grete, Krauer, Mertens, 
Stebler. 



THE MEANING OF EDUCATION 

WITH OTHER ESSAYS AND ADDRESSES 

BY 

NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER 

Columbia University 

Cloth. 12mo. SI.OO 

HAMILTON W. MABIE 

"I do not recall any recent discussion of educational questions which has seemed 
to me so adequate in knowledge and so full of genuine insight." 

REVIEW OF REVIEWS 

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and addresses brought together in a single volume. On all that pertains to the science 
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should be well received both for its merits and timeliness of topic." 



Vol. 


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II. 


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III. 


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IV. 


Vol. 


V. 


Vol. 


VI. 



PAUSANIAS' 
DESCRIPTION OF GREECE 

TRANSLATED WITH A COMMENTARY 

BY 

J. G. FRAZER, M.A., LL.D. (Glasgow) 

Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge 

Price, in set only, S30.00 net 

Introduction. Translation. Critical Notes on the Greek Text. 
Commentary on Book 1. (Attica.) 

Commentary on Books II. -V. (Argolis, Laconia, Messenia, Elis I.) 
Commentary on Books VI. -VIII. (Elis II., Achaia, Arcadia.) 
Commentary on Books IX., X. (Bceotia, Phocis.) Addenda. 
Indices. Maps. 



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The 

Development of English Thought 

A STUDY IN ECONOMIC INTERPRETATION 
OF HISTORY 

By SIMON N. PATTEN 

Professor of Political Economy, University of Pennsylvania 
Cloth Extra, Crown 8vo. S3.00 

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once an evidence of and an incitement to thought." 

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is the breadth of view kept in mind, the writer having constant regard to the higher 
moral, religious, and intellectual aspects of English life quite as much as its more 
material characteristics." 



The German Universities 

THEIR CHARACTER AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 
By FRIEDRICH PAULSEN 

Professor of Philosophy and Pedagogy in the University of Berlin 

Translated with the sanction of the Author by Edward Delavan Perry, Professor 

in Columbia College, New York, with an Introduction by Nicholas Murray 

Butler. 

12mo. Cloth. $2.00 

" A book which will be found extremely useful by all Americans who are inter- 
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